LOOM AND SPINDLE—HOOPER. 645 
string which is lightly attached to some fixed part of the framework 
of the machine. This being passed over, the bobbin brake pulley can 
be easily made to regulate its drag to a nicety. 
At the top of the diagram (fig. 22) are shown two pairs of rollers, 
between which the fibers to be spun are being drawn out with such 
regularity as few spinners could boast of. In a machine such rollers 
are set in a series, at very accurate distances apart, and revolved in 
the direction indicated by the arrows. ‘The front pair of rollers 
revolve more quickly than the second pair; the second pair than the 
third, and so on. Consequently, as the fibers pass between the series, 
they are gradually drawn out into a fine fleecy rove which, between 
the front rollers and the spindle, becomes twisted into fine even 
thread. 
This system of drawing out fibers by means of rollers was in- 
vented by Paul in 1735 and made practical by Arkwright in 1775, 
when he patented it. His right, however, was disputed, and on trial 
the patent was annulled, but his adaptation of the system was soon 
generally adopted. 
When describing, in the last lecture, the primitive spinning wheel 
and the distaff and spindle, where the spinning and winding on were 
done alternately, I should perhaps have remarked that the finest 
threads were always produced in this manner. It is not surprising, 
therefore, that very early in the history of machine spinning it was 
found that very fine, delicate threads could not be spun on the simul- 
taneous principle. To overcome this difficulty Crompton invented 
the mule machine, which imitates exactly the alternate twisting and 
winding of the primitive method of spinning. It was interesting to 
see at the Anglo-Japanese exhibition of 1909 the huge English ma- 
chine of 250 spindles imitating with perfect precision the actions of 
a pretty girl in the Japanese handicraft section who was spinning 
gossamer thread on a primitive wheel, the same kind of wheel which 
had been in use in her country for a couple of thousand years or so, 
and which, we may hope, will be used for an indefinite number of 
thousands of years more by such charming little spinsters. 
Messrs. Dobson & Barlow (Ltd.), of Bolton, have courteously sent 
me five photographs of spinning machinery of great interest, which 
will require little explanation. 
Figure 23 (pl. 6) is Hargreave’s spinning-jenny. 
Figure 24 (pl. 6) is Arkwright’s water frame, so called because he 
used water as a motive power to drive it. It combines the drawing 
rollers with the flier and bobbin attachment suggested by the spinning 
wheel then in general use. 
Figure 25 (pl. 7) is Crompton’s mule, which he used in secret for 
some time, and mystified his neighbors by the quantity and quality of 
the yarn he produced, 
