34 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911. 
National Museum. In order to faciliate the archeological work and to make the 
region accessible to students and visitors it was necessary to break a wagon road 
from Marsh Pass through the middle of the Navaho National Monument to the 
neighborhood of Betatakin, and by this means the valley was traversed with 
wagons for the first time. 
On the return journey to Flagstaff, Dr. Fewkes visited the ruins in Nitsi, or 
West Canyon, and examined Inscription House, a prehistoric cliff dwelling of 
considerable size, hitherto undescribed, the walls of which are built of loaf- 
shaped adobes strengthened with sticks. On account of the size and great 
interest of these ruins, it is recommended that the area covered thereby be 
included in the Navaho National Monument and the ruins permanently pre- 
served, and that either Betatakin or Kitsiel be excavated, repaired, and made 
a “type ruin” of this culture area. Along the road to Flagstaff from West 
Canyon, Dr. Fewkes observed several ruins and learned of many others 
ascribed to the ancient Hopi. He visited the Hopi pueblo of Moenkopi, near 
Tuba, and obtained considerable new ethnological material from an old priest 
of that village regarding legends of the clans that formerly lived in northern 
Arizona. He learned also of a cliff, or rock, covered with pictographs of Hopi 
origin, at Willow Spring, not far from Tuba, the figures of which shed light 
on Hopi clan migration legends. 
Returning to Flagstaff, Dr. Fewkes reoutfitted in order to conduct investiga- 
tions of the ruins near Black Falls of the Little Colorado River, especially the 
one called Wukoki, reputed to have been the last habitation of the Snake 
clans of the Hopi in their southern migration before they finally settled near 
the East Mesa. A little more than a month was spent at these ruins, during 
which time extensive excavations were made in numerous subterranean rooms, 
or pit dwellings, a new type of habitations found at the bases of many of the 
large ruined pueblos on the Little Colorado. Incidentaily several other pueblo 
ruins, hitherto unknown, with accompanying reservoirs and shrines, were ob- 
served. The excavations at Wukoki yielded about 1.800 specimens, consisting 
of painted pottery, beautiful shell ornaments, stone implements, basketry, 
wooden objects, cane “cloud blowers,” prayer sticks, a prayer-stick box, an 
idol, and other objects. The results of the excavations at Wukoki will be in- 
corporated in a forthcoming bulletin on Antiquities of the Little Colorado 
Basin. 
On the completion of his work at the Black Falls ruins, Dr. Fewkes returned 
to Washington in September and devoted the next three months to the prepara- 
tion of a monograph on Casa Grande, Arizona. 
At the close of January, 1911, Dr. Fewkes again took the field, visiting Cuba 
for the purpose of gathering information on the prehistoric inhabitants of that 
island and their reputed contemporaneity with fossil sloths, shurks, and croco- 
diles. A fortnight was devoted to the study of collections of prehistoric ob- 
jects in Habana, especially the material in the. University Museum from caves 
in Puerto Principe Province, described by Drs. Montoné and Carlos de la Torre. 
With this preparation he proceeded to the Isle of Pines and commenced work 
near Nueva Gerona. In this island there are several caves from which human 
hones have been reported locally, but the Cueva de los Indios, situated in the 
hills about a mile from the city named, promised the greatest reward. A 
week’s excavation in this cave yielded four fragments of Indian skulls, not 
beyond repair; one undeformed, well-preserved, human cranium; and many 
fragments of pelves, humeri, and femora. The excavations in the middle of 
the cave indicated that the soil there had previously been dug over: these 
yielded little of value, the best-preserved remains occurring near the entrance, 
on each side. The skulls were arranged in a row within a pocket sheltered by 
