342 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911. 
Brongn., (closely allied to the redwood of California, Sequoia 
sempervirens Endl.) and the swamp cypress (Zazedium distichum 
miocenum). Were and there a large horsetail (Hquosetitcs Norden- 
skidldt Nath.) occurs in such abundance that one would imagine that 
it formed small forests. There are also associated rhizomes, with 
their roots and tubercles still attached. I may mention in passing 
that Hquisetum arcticum Heer, occurs in the same manner in the 
lower zone of the plant-bearing beds. There is also found a ereat 
abundance of Osmunda spetsbergensis Nath., and on the same horizon 
nodules of clay ironstone, entircly filled with leaves and stems of the 
latter plant, in which the tissues have been so completely mineralized. 
that one can study the microscopic structure as minutely as in the 
living Osmunda. One sees in the carbonaceous petrified layers 
rootlets and spores of ferns, as well as fragments of branches, etc. 
This might justly be called a mineralized peat. Among the dicoty- 
ledonous trees, the leaves of which occur in great quantity, one finds 
leaves of all dimensions belonging to the more common species. 
I have examples, among others, of the leaves of Ulmiphyllum 
asperrrmum Nath., varying from 1-17 cm. in length. All the obser- 
vations indicate that we have here a deposit formed by the delta 
of a stréam passing through a marsh on which grew trees requiring 
humidity, while the remains of other plants which lived at some 
distance away have been transported, either by the wind or by water, 
and become mingled with those of the marsh. 
The beds of this horizon, discovered at Cape Lyell, are remarkable 
for the enormous quantity of leafy branches of Sequoia Langsdorfii, 
leaves of Grewia crenata Hr. and of Acer arcticum Hr., the fruits of 
the last mentioned also occurring. <A bed full of rootlets was also 
met with, showing that the plants flourished on the spot where they 
are now found. Among the marsh plants an Alisma occurs. Among 
the dicotyledonous trees of this horizon are ,poplars (Populus), wil- 
lows (Salix), alders (Alnus), birches (Betula), hornbeams (Carpinus), 
hazels (Corylus), beeches (Fagus), oaks (Quercus), elms (Ulmus), 
planes (Platanus), magnolias (Magnolia), limes (Tilia), and maples 
(Acer), etc. We can thus show that during the Tertiary period 
all these plants have flourished at 78° or 79° of latitude. In 
Grinnell Land we find, evén at nearly 82°, the swamp cypresses, the 
spruces, pines, firs, poplars, birches, elms, limes, etc. 
In Iceland the Tertiary flora may be studied in the volcanic tuffs or 
in the alluvium formed from them, and at Brjimslaekur, for instance, 
in a deposit which may be compared with a laminated peat. Thus, 
as Heer had suggested, and Thoroddsen has proved, we here meet with 
formations laid down above sea level, which are overlain by thick 
basaltic beds. A glance at the specimens from Brjamslaekur serves to 
