KABYLES OF NORTH AFRICA—LISSAUER. 533 
as articles.of trade. Wine and oil especially are exported in large 
quantities. 
The women also perform all the domestic labor, as cooking and 
a aa in the well-known primitive manner (pl. 11, fig. 2, and pl. 
2, fig. 2). Pottery making is also the special task of the women. 
The vessels are burnt and often handsomely painted in yellow and 
red colors. 
The men make the filigree ornaments of silver, the agricultural 
implements, and all the things required for house building. 
The food consists principally of bread, butter, oranges, figs, dates, 
and rarely meat. Peculiar is the kuskus (in Kabyle, soksa), the 
preparation of which is somewhat complicated. Into a large dish 
are put meat, a great deal of pepper, salt, some vegetables, and 
water. Over this is a second dish with a sieve-like bottom, into which 
flour—mostly barley flour—is placed. The whole is then closed 
with a cover and put on the fire. The steam from the lower dish 
pervading the flour effects the formation of small balls (pl. 12, fig. 1), 
which are then served in a separate plate from the meat soup, but 
which for a European palate is too strongly peppered. | 
Many men and children loaf all day in the streets and coffeehouses, 
the children, in particular, begging. But this will soon change. The 
Government has, besides the building of excellent roads, undertaken 
a second most important civilizing work in educational lines which 
has already produced good results. Beginning in 1893 primary 
~ schools have been established in which French and Kabyle children 
are commonly instructed. Each school has two classes and two 
teachers, a Kabyle and a Frenchman, who are trained in a large semi- 
nary at Bouzaria, near Algiers, in both languages. As the Kabyle 
children are very docile they soon learn to read and write French, 
arithmetic, and also the elements of the natural sciences in order to 
combat the widely spread superstition. The Government grants each 
school a subsidy of 80 per cent, the rest is borne by the municipality. 
Up to the present, 80 such schools have been established, which 
are obviously too few for such a dense population; but the children, 
who in some cases have to walk three kilometers to school, come gladly 
and by their mannered behavior and knowledge of languages dis- 
tinguish themselves very notably from those who have grown up 
wildly. There are also said to be in the larger places Kabyle physi- 
cians and lawyers who have studied alongside the French. One can 
observe the rapid progress of the beneficent influence that French 
civilization has exercised in this country. At the same time the 
Kabyle language is spared and at present as far as possible preserved. 
Under the leadership of a well-known authority on the Kabyles, 
Prof. Basset, the Government sends out scientific missions for the 
study of the various dialects. They have no literature, nor historical 
