KABYLES OF NORTH AFRICA—LISSAUER. 585 
century, immigrated as far as Andalusia. These northlanders had 
also introduced from Europe into northern Africa the custom of 
megalithic structures, as was also maintained by Bertrand. 
On the other hand, Shaw? declared that the blonds, it is true, im- 
migrated from Europe, but only in historic time, that they were the 
descendants of the Vandals whom Genseric, in 429 A. D., led over 
from Gibraltar to northern Africa. This view was afterwards taken 
up by other investigators, especially Quedenfeld.2 But Broca, on 
the basis of information of Procop, rightly points out that most of 
the 50,000 Vandals whom Genseric brought over, perished in the 
struggles with the native Moors, Numidians, and later with the 
Byzantines, so that in 544 A. D. only 420 men remained who were 
partly killed with their last leader Gontharis and partly transferred 
to Constantinople. Since then the Vandals have entirely disappeared 
from northern Africa. 
Besides, the ancient authors of the third century B. C. and the 
third century A. D. assert that there were among the native Berbers 
many fair and blond ones. 
Finally, Sergi,t on the basis of his craniological investigations, 
maintained that the blonds did not immigrate but were native in 
northern Africa, especially on the heights of the Moroccan Atlas, 
under the influence of the altitude climate. He refers for this to 
Livi’s results of anthropometry, according to which in the popula- 
tion of Italy dwelling at above 400 meters altitude the blonds pre- 
dominate; below 400 meters, the brown. Against this Quedenfeld® 
points out that among the Shloh in southern Morocco not a single 
blond is to be found notwithstanding that the people partly live on 
still higher mountains on the great Atlas. 
Still other hypotheses have been set up to explain the strange 
appearance of blonds among the Kabyles. They are said to be de- 
scendants of Roman mercenaries from the north, or to have come 
from the East, after the explusion of the Hyksos from Egypt. ‘The 
former view seems to be contradicted by the numerically and geo- 
graphically great diffusion of the blonds, while the latter view lacks 
any record of the existence of blonds among the Hyksos. — 
Tf it is asked which view is most probable on the basis of our 
present knowledge, I can only say that as long as we are ignorant of 
all the conditions on which the distribution of the pigment among 
the various races of mankind depends we must be guided by actual 
observations. Now we know that only in northern Europe, and 
MD iba. Taide ces Ate seteY divine Ls ein Soph iol bose 
1Reyue d’Authropologie, 1876, p. 398 ff. 
2 Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologie, 1888, p. 115. 
8Th, Fischer, Mittelmeerbilder, N. F., 1908, p. 390. 
Sergi, The Mediterranean race. London, 1901, p. 73 ff. 
5 Zeitschrift ftir Hthnologie, 1888, p. 115. 
