662 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911. 
indicate the various lines of his intellectual activity, and to note how 
these were affected by the leading events in his personal history. 
While still an undergraduate, Hooker had been at work in his father’s 
herbarium in Glasgow. The earliest of his results appear in a paper 
on Indian mosses, written in collaboration with the late Prof. Harvey, 
which was published in 1840, shortly after he had joined the expedi- 
tion under Ross. Work connected with cryptogamic plants was one 
of his strongest early inclinations, for some of the most important of 
his papers, prepared during the years 1844 to 1847, when he had 
returned from the Antarctic, deal with the hepatics, lichens, mosses, 
and alge of the southern circumpolar regions. But a predilection for 
work on fossil botany manifested itself almost as early in his career; 
another early paper, written and published in 1842, while still 
botanist on the Erebus, deals with an examination of a Tasmanian 
fossil wood. As his general work on the Antarctic material he had 
accumulated made progress, we find, however, that his cryptogamic 
work came to be done more and more in collaboration with workers 
who had made some particular lower group their special province. 
The botanical results of the Antarctic voyage occupy six quarto 
volumes subdivided into three sections: (1) The Flora Antarctica, 
completed in 1847, before he left for India; (2) the Flora Nove 
Zelandizx, issued in 1853, after his return from the East; and (3) the 
Flora Tasmaniz, published in 1860, after he had become assistant 
director at Kew. 
But the preparation of the first section of the Antarctic work did 
not impede his activities while connected with the geological survey 
between 1845 and 1847. Before undertaking the duties of the post 
he had already given attention to problems connected with fossil 
botany; while attached to the survey he prepared during 1846-47 
several important papers on the subject, the most notable of these 
being a discussion of the vegetation of the Carboniferous period as 
compared with that of the present day, which was printed in 1848. 
But his interest in the subject did not end with the severance of his 
connection with the geological department; two interesting papers on 
fossil botany from his pen were published in 1855. After his appoint- 
ment as assistant director, however, he made no further formal con- 
tribution to knowledge in this particular field. His Antarctic work 
and his duties in connection with the geological survey did not, 
however, suffice to occupy all his time prior to his departure for 
India. He drew up an Enumeration of the Plants of the Galapagos. 
Archipelago, issued in 1847, and collaborated with the late Mr. 
Bentham in preparing the Flora Nigritiana, incorporated by Sir 
W. J. Hooker in the Niger Flora, published in 1849. 
Some of the results of Hooker’s Indian observations, notably those 
relating to his journeys in the Indian plains, were published by the 
