664 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911. 
Antarctic study and had manifested itself in 1856 and in 1861 in 
dealing with the Arctic plants collected during the Franklin searches 
and the McClintock expedition. The problems involved were dealt 
with in a comprehensive fashion in 1861 in Hooker’s classic, Outlines 
of the Distribution of Arctic Plants. A group of kindred problems 
had presented themselves to Hooker when engaged in the study of 
the vegetation of the more o: tlying Antarctic and sub-Antarctic 
islands, and subsequently when dealing with the plants of Galapagos. 
To this period, therefore, we may most properly ascribe the formation 
of the views enunciated in a notable discourse on Insular Floras, 
delivered at the meeting of the British Association at Norwich in 
1866. Yet another allied group of problems called for consideration 
in connection with his Antarctic, Indian, and African studies; his 
conclusions with regard to these are stated in his Introductory Essay 
to the Flora of Tasmania, published in 1860; the opinions there 
expressed on the origination and distribution of species suffice to 
explain the action which Hooker took when, in conjunction with 
Lyell, he had induced Darwin, in 1858, to publish a preliminary 
sketch of his famous hypothesis. 
To the same period of his activities belongs the share taken by 
Hooker between 1858 and 1864 in the preparation of Thwaites’s 
enumeration of the plants of Ceylon. To this period we owe, more- 
over, the codification of the results given in the second portion of 
the Antarctic flora in the form of a Handbook of the New Zealand 
Flora, contributed to the series of Colonial floras published under 
Government authority. The work was issued in part in 1863; the 
concluding portion was published in 1867, shortly after the period 
had come to an end. But to this period we owe, in addition, various 
important special studies on the structure and affinities of Balano- 
phorex, published in 1856; on the origin and development of the 
pitchers of Nepenthes, in 1859; and on Welwitschia, in 1863. The 
most obvious result of Hooker’s visit to Syria in 1860 is a paper on 
the cedars of Lebanon, Taurus, Algeria, and India, published in 1862, 
In this article a subject of great interest and considerable difficulty 
is handled with masterly skill. But the journey bore further fruit 
in the form of a singularly pleasing sketch of the botany of Syria and 
Palestine, contributed in 1863 to Smith’s Bible Dictionary. Exten- 
sive and important as these various contributions to botanical knowl- 
edge are, they do not include all that Hooker accomplished while 
assistant director; the most onerous and important undertaking ini- 
tiated during this period has still to be mentioned. In renewed col- 
laboration with Mr. Bentham was commenced one of the oustanding 
botanical monuments of the nineteenth century, in the form of a 
great Genera Plantarum; of the three volumes which this work 
includes, the first was completed in 1865. 
