8 MEMOIRS OF THE NUTTALL ORNITHOLOGICAL CLUB. 



The hills are of typical drumlin formation, circular in form for the most 

 part, or oblong, with their axes running generally northwest and southeast. 

 They are abundantly scattered throughout the County. More than seventy-five 

 are over 200 feet in height, while as many more are between 100 and 200 feet. 

 The highest hills are two in North Andover, each measuring 400 feet above the 

 sea. This is the highest land in the County. The bases of these two hills 

 are 120 to 180 feet above the sea level. A few of the hills are mentioned here 

 with their heights above the sea: on Cape Ann, Pigeon Hill, 180 feet; in 

 Essex, Hog Island, the birthplace of Rufus Choate, 140 feet; in Ipswich, Cas- 

 tle Hill, 140 feet, Heartbreak Hill, 180 feet, Turkey Hill, 240 feet ; in Salis- 

 bury, Powow Hill, 330 feet ; in Amesbury, Beech Hill, 200 feet ; in West 

 Newbury, Long Hill, 200 feet ; in Groveland, Crane Hill, 234 feet ; in Danvers, 

 Asylum Hill, 240 feet ; in Andover, Wood Hill, 340 feet, Prospect Hill, 340 

 feet ; in North Andover, Holt's Hill, 400 feet, a long hill, 400 feet ; in George- 

 town, Bald Pate, 340 feet ; in Topsfield, Great Hill, 240 feet. Most of the 

 islands in the salt marshes are drumlins, the lower outlines of which are 

 obscured by the accumulations of the marsh. 



As in all glacial regions small lakes and ponds abound, and they are scat- 

 tered generally throughout the County. There are about 60 of these ponds 

 varying in size from a few rods across up to the largest, which are one or two 

 miles in length. The principal of these are : Wenham Lake, in Wenham and 

 Beverly ; Chebacco Lake, in Essex and Hamilton ; Kimball's Pond, in Ames- 

 bury and Merrimac; Johnson's Pond, in Groveland and Boxford; Lake Cochicke- 

 wick, in North Andover ; Haggett's and Foster's Ponds, in Andover ; Billings 

 Pond, in Lynnfield ; and the series of ponds in and near the Lynn Woods. 



Another feature of the County, also interesting from an ornithological point 

 of view, is the great number of fresh-w r ater swamps, near the ponds and rivers. 

 These were formerly extensions of the ponds or large basins in the river sys- 

 tems, and have become filled with vegetation and sediment since the glacial 

 period. Along the shore at Lynn, Salem, Beverly, Manchester, Rockport, 

 and Ipswich, submerged roots and stumps of forests, and beds of peat and 

 leaf mould have been found, showing subsidence of the land within recent 

 years. There are also evidences in various places of elevation of the land as 

 shown by old shore lines, and areas of sand or sand dunes, as at Turkey Hill, 

 in Ipswich, some distance above sea level. 



As in all long inhabited and thickly settled regions, there are no extensive 

 forests, and most of the drumlins are, unless built upon, exposed in all their 

 nakedness, covered only with barren pastures or cultivated fields. The largest 

 areas of forest growth are in Manchester and Essex, the Essex Woods, and in 

 Topsfield, Middleton, Boxford, Lynnfield, and Andover. Here white pine 



