20 Transactions of the Canadian Institute. [Vol. IX. 



make a long and difficult portage. The shores of this and of many other 

 lakes in the vicinity showed abundant evidence of the shoving and 

 pounding of floating ice, and in fact such evidence may be seen on almost 

 any of the Canadian lakes in the spring, before the waves, caused by the 

 summer and autumn storms, have reassorted the loose material on the 

 beaches. 



The pictures of the shore of Lake Temiskaming at Haileybury show a 

 lane of water between the ice and the land and a number of places where 

 boulders and logs have been pushed up by the ice. 



Some excellent examples of the work thus accomplished by the ice 

 in the spring were seen on the wide fiat shores of the lakes in the Province 

 of Manitoba. On these shores shallow clay flats extend long distances 

 out into the water and boulders are scattered here and there through 

 the mud over them. As the loose ice was driven backwards and forwards 

 over the lake it was often shoved up on these flats and it acted as a scraper 

 and carried the larger stones and boulders on ahead of it. 



The following remarks were made in 1887 and referred to the shore 

 of Lake Winnipegosis, the second largest lake in Manitoba: — "In this 

 protected bay, and especially on its north side, which is bordered by a 

 fringe of rushes, are some of the best examples of ice-grooving that have 

 ever come under the writers observation. Boulders are lying here and 

 there, and most of them show signs of having been moved from three inches 

 up to thirty- three paces. The sand and pebbles of the beach are generally 

 piled up on their landward side, while a groove extends towards the lake. 

 The majority of the shorter grooves on the north shore trend N. 60° to 

 75° W. One, ten paces long, trends N. 10° W., and in this the boulder is 

 seen to have at first lain transversely to the direction of the groove, and 

 to have been turned round and shoved with its greater axis along the 

 groove. A group of six boulders have been shoved in a direction S. 70° W. 

 Another boulder 44 x 45 x 22 inches has taken the following course, turn- 

 ing sharply at the changes of direction : From its starting place in the 

 water N. 50° W. for fourteen feet six inches, then N. 25° W. ten feet eight 

 inches to the stone. Another boulder is now lying in the water at the end 

 of a straight groove about fifty feet long, running from it in a direction 

 N. 35° W. towards the shore, and pebbles are piled up on its lakeward 

 side, showing that it has been shoved out from the shore when the ice 

 was carried out by the wind. The shore throughout this distance has a 

 constant direction S. 50° W." 



"The irregularity in length and direction of these grooves on a soft, 



