26 Transactions of the Canadian Institute. [\'o1. IX. 



and take the trolling spoon readily. As they come under the influence of 

 the tides the Spring salmon are said to be influenced by them in their 

 movements, coming in against the ebb and going out against the flow, 

 so that their actual progress toward the rivers is slow, although there is a 

 certain daily progress, owing to the ebb-tide running somewhat longer 

 than the flow. Reaching brackish water sooner or later, they remain in 

 it for some time, but eventually they enter fresh water and begin their 

 ascent of the river. Here also their progress is slow, especially in the case 

 of the earlier arrivals, the Spring salm.on of the Columbia River requiring, 

 it is estimated, from one to three weeks to reach Clifton, situated about 

 twenty miles from the mouth, and arriving at the falls of the Dalles, two 

 hundred miles up stream, only after the expiration of about two months 

 from the time of their appearance at the mouth. The Sockeye of the 

 Fraser River is a little later than the Spring salmon of the vSacramento and 

 Columbia Rivers in beginning its migration, but both species continue to 

 enter the rivers throughout the summer in numbers which in good years 

 may be literally described as countless. Toward autumn their numbers 

 diminish, although at the coming of the fall rains and the consequent 

 swelling of the rivers a late run of Spring salmon usually occurs, known 

 to the fishermen as the fall run, and late runs of vSockeye also occur in 

 some years. In the case of the other species the commencement of the 

 migration is later in the year, coinciding in the case of the Dog salmon 

 with the fall rains, so that this species has only a late run, a fact which, as 

 will be seen later, diminishes its commercial value very materially. The 

 Coho, however, appears in the coastal waters some time before entering 

 the rivers and for this reason is of more value as a food fish than either 

 the Humpback or the Dog salmon. 



The distance that the fish travel up the rivers depends to some extent 

 on the time of the year at which the migration begins, those fish which 

 run in the earlier part of the year continuing their course to the head 

 waters of the stream.s, while those running only in the fall remain in the 

 lower reaches. Consequently it is only the Spring and Sockeye salmon 

 that reach the head waters, and of these only those fish that start their 

 migration early, the later fish, together with the Humpbacks and Cohoes, 

 spawning lower down, while the Dog salmon, the latest of all to run, never 

 go far from the sea. In the Salmon River of Idaho, a branch of the Snake 

 River, itself a branch of the Columbia, the Spring salmon, according to 

 Jordan and Evermann,* ascend to the head waters, more than a thousand 

 miles from the sea, spawning there in August and the early part of Sep- 



*D. S. Jordan and B. W. Evermann. The Fishes of North and Middle America. 

 — Bull. U. S. National Museum. No. 47. 1896. 



