19 1 2] Industrial Research in Canada 225 



Complaints are made all through Canada that our schools do not 

 fit the scholars for the factory, that apprentices are changeable and un- 

 reliable, that the apprenticeship system has broken down, that art as 

 applied to Industry is not properly taught, and that writing in the schools 

 is very bad. These are all marks of imperfection and poor training. 

 What are the consequences of these things in the Industries? They are 

 these: — The Employer and foreman are poor judges and poor purchasers 

 of the material needed; the management of the offices and shops is care- 

 less; the quality of the labour is poor; the business as a whole is badly 

 managed, and the waste is enormous. 



These are the things which the people who know have been telling 

 us all through Canada; and we are bound to say that in older countries, 

 where custom is strong and communities are better established, the effi- 

 ciency in industry is greater. An observing writer has said: "The Man- 

 ufacturers have not been men educated in the knowledge of the schools, 

 but are men who know practically nothing of applied science and who in 

 consequence forced their way to success through sheer fighting manhood 

 and through the application of principles which they did not understand." 



Many of the manufacturers think it sufficient to have a so-called 

 "practical man," one not instructed, but simply an expert mechanic, 

 who serves as "guide, philosopher and friend. " 



1. Thus the Manufacturer does not value true expert advice. 



2. He shuts his eyes to the waste. 



3. He settles down to a career of non-progressiveness. 



4. He agitates for a higher duty on his products. 



5. Dissatisfied, he turns his thoughts to making a Combination or 

 combine — which is illegal. 



The real remedy for many of his difficulties is Scientific Research. 



This is the solution of his difficulties, used by the German manu- 

 facturer. The following are the figures as to the employment of experts 

 in Germany in 1897. They would be still more startling in 1912. 



German Manufacturers. 



Description of Chemical Works. Trained Chemists Employed 



Artificial Manures 90 



Explosives 50 



Petroleum, Lampblack 50 



Inorganic Compounds 250 



Organic Compounds 1000 



Various works 610 



