1898-99]. THE IROQUOIS BEACH. 33 
As one approaches Lambton from the west by the Dundas road, the 
old shore cliff of boulder clay rises fifty feet or more, and is very well 
marked. It then turns north as far as Weston, keeping about half a 
mile west of the Humber river, but is less distinct than before, wave 
action being of course much less effective in a bay than on a large lake. 
The shores are mainly low and of gently rolling till on all sides of this 
bay. The bar or gravel spit commences at Carlton station, rising 
fifteen or twenty feet above the level plain, and extending in a north- 
westerly direction two-thirds of the way across the mouth of the bay. 
It is easily distinguished by the pine and oak trees growing on its 
gravelly soil, which is unsuited for farming, and has been left wooded. 
Beach gravel of much the same kind is found resting on Hudson shale, 
LROQUOIS BEACH 
Near 
TORONTO 
Scale of Miles 
+ s 
near the right shore of the Humber at Weston, probably a deposit 
formed before the spit began to close the bay and prevent wave action. 
The valley cuttings of Black Creek and the Humber give evidence 
that the bay was deep at first, but was afterwards filled in with stratified 
sand overlain with clay, the whole being in places sixty feet in thickness, 
the upper ten feet of clay. Much of the loose materials which filled the 
bay during Iroquois times, have since been removed by the Humber 
and its tributaries, but the river leaves the old bay by a narrow ravine 
cut down about thirty-five feet into the Hudson shale and at points to 
the south showing walls of shale sometimes rising ninety feet above 
the river. No doubt the former stream passed out much to the east of 
the present one ; which was crowded to the western side of the bay by 
