34 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [Vor. VI. 
the growth of the bar and so had to cut a steep walled channel through 
the shale with its layers of limestone. 
Eastward of the Carlton gravel bar the beach is once more very 
sharply defined with a shore cliff of stratified sand capped by till rising 
seventy feet at some points, the so-called Davenport ridge, really the 
edge of a rolling plain of ground moraine. The Davenport road skirts 
the west end of this escarpment and the Canadian Pacific railway the 
eastern end as far as Leaside junction. The greater part of the city of 
Toronto stands south of the Davenport ridge on the gently sloping 
sub-aqueous plain of Lake Iroquois, once thickly strewn with boulders 
washed out of the promontory of till by wave action, as mentioned by 
Lyell and Ramsay many years ago. At present few of these boulders 
are left, most of them having been used for building material or road 
metal, and soon all will have disappeared. Most of them were Archean 
and some were of large dimensions. 
At Leaside Junction there is a short bar of gravel pointing eastwards 
and then the wide Don bay opens toward the north with low shores of 
till showing little wave action. It seems that this bay was never very 
deep, for the ravines of the Don and its tributaries cut below its plain 
show very little stratified material, but thick sections of till. The 
eastern end of the Don bay comes within a quarter of a mile of Lake 
Ontario, where the Kingston road climbs Scarboro’ Heights ; and from 
here gravel ridges extend with an outward curve for three miles to the 
northwest, well shown at York Station on the Grand Trunk railway. 
There are two main ridges with hollows between, ancient lagoons ; and 
the greatest width of the gravel beds is about a mile, the towns of York 
and Norway being on the old island. In form this group of ridges 
much resembles Toronto Island in Lake Ontario, and the mode of 
formation was doubtless the same, gravel and sand being drifted 
westwards along shore from the Scarboro’ cliffs. The map shows that 
the outlet of the Don, like that of the Humber, has been crowded to the 
western side of its bay by the growth of the gravel bar in that direction. 
Beyond the Don bay the shore becomes more marked, until at the 
highest point the old cliff is cut off by the undermining action of Lake 
Ontario, which has formed here the highest cliff on its whole circum- 
ference, with an elevation of 350 feet above the water. The Iroquois 
terrace once more shows itself half a mile beyond with a fine shore cliff, 
at one point 170 feet high. From this toward the northeast the Iroquois 
beach deserts the shore of Lake Ontario, and is sometimes hard to 
follow owing to the wooded ravines of Highland Creek and _ its 
tributaries. At the crossing of the river Rouge however, it is distinctly 
shown; but has not been traced in detail beyond this, although its 
