292 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [Vou. VE: 
and found him celebrated throughout that region for his prowess as a 
leader in Indian warfare, as an ally of the British, and as a wise 
councillor and chief. 
The name of this chief, in the corrupted form Chinguacousy, is held 
by a township in the county of Peel. 
Augustin Shingwauk lived at Garden River, near Sault Ste. Marie, 
Algoma, until his death on December 23rd, 1891. He was a true ideal 
of a race whose characteristics are rapidly receding from Canadian life. 
In height he was upwards of six feet, of fine physique and commanding 
presence. “ His forensic eloquence often moved his white brothers to 
admiration of the wonderful natural gifts of the forest born chieftain.” (e) 
His picture, by Paul Kane, may be seen at the Canadian Institute. 
Mr. Kohl refers to him in 1858 as “a powerful and handsome man in 
the prime of life.” 
THE CREE CHIEF PEGWiIs.—The three great tribes found in Mani- 
toba and the Northwest Territories, are the Nehethowuck, known as 
Crees or Killistines, the Chippewas and the Blackfoot nation with their 
allies and kin the Bloods, Piegans and Sarcees. There are also many 
bands of Sioux or Dakotas, but they properly belong to more Southern 
regions. The Crees with the Chippewas were ancestral enemies of the 
Blackfeet, while the Sioux cherished a murderous feud against the 
Chippewas and their allied friends the Saulteaux. (f) The few whites 
were content, in early days, to let these savages hunt and destroy each 
other. 
As late as 1866, the deadly hatred showed itself in Fort Garry. A 
band of Sioux from Minnesota was attacked by Saulteaux from Red 
Lake, and five of them were shot; the others fled. Prior to 1863, the 
home of the Sioux was in Minnesota and Dakota, at the head waters of 
the Mississippi and Red River of the North. They were systematically 
treated unjustly by the United States officials, until they left their 
reserve for the war path and inflicted terrible atrocities on the settlers 
of Minnesota. The military power of the United States did not succeed 
in subduing the savages until a territory as large as Nova Scotia had 
(e) ‘* The Canadian Indian,” 1891, p. 153. 
(f) The Crees called the Blackfeet Ayatsuyniwak, meaning foreign enemies. The Chippewayans called 
them emnaslint, wicked Crees, or wicked foreigners. The Crees, called Kinistenovah by the Blackfeet, style 
themselves modestly Neyowark, or Nehethowuck, signifying men. The Sioux were called Pzwan by the 
Salteaux meaning roast meat, from the horrible custom of cooking the victims so indicated. From Pzan 
was derived Pwatah, and Assinipwatak, Sioux of the rocks, or Mountain Sioux, which was by the French 
made into Assinipoels, and then became Assiniboine. (‘*N.W. America.” by Mgr. Taché, p. 123.) 
