346 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [VoL. VI. 
that were seen on the east and west limbs during one semi-rotation in 
March, 1897, giving the proper meridian and the recorded latitude and 
size to each. If it is difficult to properly represent the facule, much 
more so is it to mimic the protuberances and the jets of flame they emit. 
When the sun is totally eclipsed, they are seen around the black disc of 
the moon, of a glowing carmine color, but the blaze of the sun quenches 
them as effectually as the light of the Aurora, and the red does not shew 
at any other time. To the extent of making them visible, and the most 
conspicuous of all the marks, the model is deceptive. Perhaps indeed 
they should not be red at all ; this color may be the result of their illu- 
mination by the red glare of the chromosphere, as in a theatre smoke is 
made to appear now red, now green, as red or green light is reflected 
on it. 
To complete the model I should have thrown around it a mantle of 
filmy gauze, like the scarfs of our skirt-dancers, if without profanation I 
may compare grand things with trifling ones. But to supplement this and 
other defects, | have the pleasure to shew you a painting of the features 
around the eclipsed sun, due to the artistic skill of Mrs. M. E. Dignum. 
The particular eclipse illustrated is that of 1896, as witnessed at Orlow- 
_skoje, on the Amur, by the Russian Expedition. Mr. M. Wittram, who 
was detailed to make naked eye observations, says the chromosphere 
was of a sealing-wax red, the prominences of a brilliant carmine, outside 
which was a ring of orange glow.* I could not shew this chromosphere 
upon the model without obscuring the other features, and in the picture 
I have had to show it as quite surrounding the moon. In reality, how- 
ever, it is so thin a layer that it was only seen on one side of the moon at 
a time, though during another eclipse, when the moon is further off and 
only just obscures the sun, it might be seen as in the painting. The 
orange .glow should probably be more extended, in parts, but I did not 
advise its being so represented, because I have only found one observer 
who mentions this, Lieut. Boutcheff. He says: “ Around the black disc 
was a clear orange ring of irregular form, with several prominences, 
averaging one-third of the radius of the sun. One of the prominences, 
divided into two parts, was 1% diameters of the sun in extent.” If that 
is what an ordinary observer sees, a total sun-eclipse is an even more 
glorious object than this beautiful painting shows. 
In 1862 Prof. Young was observing a disturbance in the chromosphere 
(?) which led to the breaking out of a great spot. He ascertained, upon 
enquiry from Stonyhurst and Greenwich, that the magnets became dis- 
* Transactions Imperial Institute, St. Petersburg. 
. 
