or 
1898-99. | THE ANATOMY OF THE ORANG OUTANG. S11 
at all folded inwards. This condition, according to Darwin, occurs in 
monkeys which do not stand high in the order, as Baboons and some 
species of Macacus. When, however, the whole ear is pressed perman- 
ently backwards, and the margin is infolded, as in the higher apes, the 
point persists as the process mentioned. Darwin’s point is found very 
frequently in the human ear, and whilst it is often absent in man, it is 
also not infrequently absent in the anthropoid apes. 
In my specimen, the lobule of the ear was entirely absent. This 
peculiarity, too, is often found in man. The ears projected in a fairly 
well-marked fashion from the side of the head, although not more so 
than is the case in many human ears. 
There was no prominence in the region of the chin in my Orang, and 
in this particular, it agrees with other anthropoid apes ; in fact, the for- 
ward projecting chin may be looked upon as a fairly distinctive human 
characteristic ; although Huxley’ states that in certain of the Gibbons 
(the Siamang) he found something approaching a chin. He says, 
however, that this “is the only ape which has anything like a mental 
prominence.” Again, Huxley remarks that whilst the chin in the 
European is either straight or projects beyond the level of the incisor 
teeth, in the lower races it retreats somewhat, although this recession 
appears greater than it really is, because of the prominence of the 
teeth.” In my Orang the recession of the lower jaw was such that a 
continuous curve was formed, which extended, without interruption, from 
the margin of the lower lip above to merge below in the outline of 
the neck. 
The short thick neck of my Orang is a characteristic common to all 
anthropoids. The shortness of the neck is developed to a remarkable 
extent—to an extent seldom approached in man. It is due, not to 
shortness of the cervical spine, but, as Langer’ has pointed out, to the 
shortness of the fibres of the levator scapul, and of the descending 
part of the trapezius muscles. The result is that the shoulders of the 
Orang are raised considerably above the level of the sternum, and the 
head seems to be sunken literally between the shoulders. This brings 
about an oblique position of the scapulz, and a peculiarity of shape of 
these bones as compared with man. 
1 Huxley, *‘ The Structure and Classification of the Mammalia."” The Medical Times and Gazette, 
Vol. I and Vol. II, 1864, p. 618. 
2 Ibid. Vol. I, p. 309. 
3 C. Langer, ‘‘Die Musculatur der Extremitaten des Orang als Grundlage einer vergleichend- 
myologischen Untersuchung.” Sitz. der math-natur. Classe der kais. Acad. der Wissenschatten, Vol. LXIX, 
Wien, 1879, p. 178-9. 
