SECONDARY COMMUNITIES 13 
heddeb hei cd efg cbe mi 
eumereo nm. be de ig ighbn 
ghi be co dp eqfr gohifb 
bdcviwhxgyfzembndoc e ih 
efgxny uinh fgbhjnk nsfg 
ghia dftghtyb hfj tkibhc 
sdftunmgkiuoht hyfgtrdcg 
dfgythufbnjks vdg fhtgry 
hfgt fhgty sdswaq nfhjdl 
ghtyuwiokp fbndhutbs gtu 
Vdixzabyimua igh yfs }) 1 
edfgrthfinbghb fgvnzxvcb 
erffghtjk vbxzzasxscdige 
thigjszxlkm, j hytfsdtrfb 
DIAGRAM 1.—Showing the arrange- 
ment of plants and animals on a plot of 
ground under primeval conditions. The 
letters are fortuitously chosen to rep- 
resent the fortuitous arrangement of 
plants and accordingly the animals as- 
sociated with them. Thus m, n, x, and 
z may be taken to represent oak, "maple, 
basswood, and cherry, respectively, and 
the animals associated with each. The 
other letters may be taken to represent 
herbs and shrubs and the animals asso- 
ciated with them. 
ed beddgjcd bgdcgdcbedcdgebe 
feceiejfadfeedefadfcecdede 
Ghia; ayaa. ara vasa aaa avaocb 
edaaaaaaaaaaaaaaed 
fgaaaaaaaaaaaaaa fg 
de@aaaaaa aaa aa oe aa de 
ebaaaaaaaaaaaaaaeb 
dgaaaaaaaaaaaaaadg 
fdaaaaaaaaaaaaaa fd 
deaadaadadaaa aadad aac 
fe 2 aa aa aa adda ad dee 
egaaaaaaaaaaaaaaeg 
fci bedfg beg bdg ded jef gdj fc 
ces cdev iid endirdar ‘e: bitce 
DIAGRAM 2.—Showing the arrange- 
ment under agricultural conditions. 
Here the plants which are put out in 
rows are represented by a’s arranged in 
rows. There are certain animals asso- 
ciated with such plants and the a’s rep- 
resent these also. Land is not usually 
cultivated close to the fences and thus 
each field is surrounded by a border of 
original shrubs, herbs, and sprouts from 
the original trees. These and the ani- 
mals associated with them are still for- 
tuitously arranged. 
3. THE DECLINE OF PRIMEVAL COMMUNITIES AT THE HEAD OF 
LAKE MICHIGAN 
By MABEL BROWN SHELFORD 
When the white man first appeared near Chicago no secondary 
community existed, as the aborigines lived almost entirely by hunting 
and fishing. They cultivated the land only a little, and are accordingly 
to be ranked with the larger animals as a part of the original communities. 
The Indians of this region were chiefly Potawatomi, although there 
were a few Chippewas and Ottawas (14, 15). Early in 1833 (15) about 
5,000 assembled in Chicago to treat for the sale of their entire remaining 
possessions in Illinois and Wisconsin. A treaty was finally ratified and 
in 1835-36 (14, 15) they left the region forever. They settled in Iowa 
for a time, but the advancing tide of civilization drove them 
farther and farther west. In 1890 (16) the larger part of the Pota- 
watomi, about 950, occupied land in Kansas and Oklahoma. The region 
about Chicago was particularly adapted to the life of the Indians, and 
it was probably an important region for them, as well as their successors. 
The innumerable water courses and ponds afforded an abundance of 
