46 ANIMAL ENVIRONMENT 
southward around the head of Lake Michigan, nearly parallel with the 
shore, then northward into Michigan, there turning somewhat more to 
the east (Fig. 2). Beyond the edge of the ice, early lines of drainage were 
established and temporary lakes came into existence. All of our south- 
ward flowing rivers bore the sediment-laden waters from the melting ice. 
The results of this may be seen in the gravel and sand outwash, valley 
trains, etc., along the DuPage and other rivers, the more sandy portion 
usually being farthest downstream. 
In Southwestern Michigan, these early lines of drainage were by 
the St. Joseph and the Dowagiac valleys. In the latter a small lake is 
believed to have existed (Fig. 2). These waters did not flow into the 
south end of the lake, as at present, but united and flowed down the 
present course of the Kankakee River. The Kankakee marsh area and 
the region at the mouth of the Kankakee (Morris Basin) are believed 
to have been occupied by a lake. These basins are surrounded by sand 
areas which are probably the oldest in our area of study. Dunes are 
said to be present to the south and east of “ Lake Kankakee,” a few being 
present on the moraine in the extreme southeast corner of our map 
(frontispiece). 
The next stage was marked by the retirement of the ice from the 
position of the Valparaiso Moraine to the present basin of Lake Michigan, 
The drainage of glacial waters down the Fox, DuPage, and Upper 
DesPlaines rivers stopped (Fig. 3). The lakes to the south and east 
probably began to disappear. Later, the St. Joseph and Dowagiac 
changed their lower courses and flowed directly into Lake Michigan, 
which found an outlet by way of the lower DesPlaines. 
Now begins the history treated in the first bulletin of the Geographic 
Society (60), and Bulletin 7 of the Illinois Geological Survey and else- 
where (61, 62, 63,64). The predecessor of Lake Michigan stood at a level 
55 to 60 feet above the present lake. The stage is known as the Glen- 
wood stage of Lake Chicago. Cliffs were cut, beaches of sand and gravel 
were deposited, and dunes were formed. These are our second oldest 
sand and gravel areas. Their position is shown on the map (facing p. 52). 
The water then fell to a level of 35-40 feet above the present lake. 
This is known as the Calumet stage (Fig. 4). Here again cliffs and 
beaches of sand and gravel were formed, and constitute our third in 
point of age. These beaches have not been indicated on the map 
because their distribution within the state of Michigan has not been 
studied by physiographers. In the vicinity of Waukegan they are very 
close to the Glenwood beach. 
