BLACK-OAK ASSOCIATION 231 
a) Subterranean-ground stratum.— Several digger-wasps and para- 
sites not found in the earlier stages occur among the more closely placed 
vegetation here (Epeolus pusillus, a parasite, Specodes dichroa, and Ody- 
nerus anormis). A megachilid or leaf-cutter makes a nicely matched 
thimble-shaped cell. This cell is placed at the end of a burrow about 
2 in. below the surface of the sand. The burrow is about 4in. long. The 
leaf-cutter is attacked by a parasitic bee (Coeloixys rufitarsus) which 
lays its eggs upon the larval’cell. One sunny day we found the digger- 
wasp (Ammophila procera) (173) with a black-oak caterpillar (Nadata 
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE BLACK-OAK COMMUNITY 
Frc. 206.—One of the solitary wasps (Ammophila procera), with the oak-feeding 
larva (Nadata gibbosa), which it has carried to a point near its nest and laid upon the 
ground; 1} times natural size. 
Fic. 207.—Female crab spider (Misumessus asperatus) (after Emerton); enlarged. 
Fic. 208.—Male of same. 
Fics. 209a, 209b.—The flatbug (Newroctenus simplex) which lives under the bark 
on the dead oaks. 2009¢ is a side view, much enlarged. 
gibbosa) (Fig. 206) (137). When first observed, the larva was lying on 
the ground and the wasp was moving about some 6 in. away. As we 
approached, the Ammophila, apparently disturbed, seized the large 
caterpillar and ran into the adjoining vegetation, where it was captured. 
All the forms mentioned as breeding beneath sand, feed at the surface 
of the soil or upon the vegetation. In open places among the black 
oak we find the same grasshoppers as in the earlier stages. The hog-nosed 
snake (40) is common; it spreads and flattens out its head when dis- 
turbed; -when handled roughly it often goes into a death feint, such as 
the oriental snake-charmers produce in their poisonous snakes by pres- 
