242 DRY AND MESOPHYTIC FOREST COMMUNITIES 
borer (Elaphidion villosum) (Fig. 229) in the twigs. The hickory 
supports many larvae, including a Phylloxera which forms galls on the 
leaves (see Fig. 277, p. 273). 
The red-tailed and red-shouldered hawks, the red-headed wood- 
pecker, the wood-pewee, the crow, bluejay, robin, and bluebird nest in 
the trees. The panther and wildcat (Lynx rufus) were former residents. 
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RUG: 233: 
The beech woods. Note small amount of undergrowth. 
Dead standing oaks are attacked by a series of animals. As soon 
as the wood begins to soften, the four-legged larva of Passalus cornutus 
often appears. This is succeeded by slugs and ants (Figs. 230, 231, 232). 
2 
2. WOOD-FROG OR BEECH AND MAPLE FOREST ASSOCIATION 
(Stations 70, 71, 71a, 71b; Tables LV, LXII) (Fig. 233) 
The coming of this stage is indicated by the presence of seedlings 
of beech and maple in the oak-hickory forest, e.g., at Suman, Ind. 
