244 DRY AND MESOPHYTIC FOREST COMMUNITIES 
Pickering’s tree-frog is sometimes abundant. The oven-bird nests on 
the ground. 
b) Field and shrub strata.—The field stratum is very poorly devel- 
oped in summer, herbaceous plants being most abundant in early spring. 
The pawpaw supports the zebra swallowtail butterfly (Papilio ajax 
Linn.), and the spice-bush the green-clouded swallowtail (Papilio troilus 
Linn.). In the shrubbery in general we have taken snout-beetles, leaf- 
beetles, etc., usually as incidental occurrences, however. A lacebug 
(Gargaphia tiliae), which has been recorded on basswood, and several 
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE Woop-FRoG ASSOCIATION 
Fic. 241.—The wood-frog (Rana sylvatica); about natural size. 
Fic. 242.—The red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus); about natural size. 
Fic. 243.—The remains of a fungus found growing under a pile of logs in moist 
woods (not beech), and the fungus-feeding beetle (Tritoma unicolor Say); about 
natural size. 
species of bugs and beetles have also been taken, but all are incidental 
and of widely distributed species. 
c) Tree stratum.—On trunks, shelf fungi are common and are usually 
inhabited on the under side by the tenebrionid beetle (Boletotherus 
bifurcus) (156), a curious rustic beetle. Few characteristic species have 
been taken from the trees. From the bark of the trunk we have taken 
harvestmen (Oligolophus pictus and Liobunum nigropalpi) and from the 
twigs woolly aphids (Pemphigus imbricator) (Fig. 245). ‘There is an 
occasional Io larva on the leaves (Fig. 244). 
The great crested flycatcher, wood-pewee, bluejay, scarlet tanager, 
red-eyed vireo, and woodthrush nest in the low trees and on the lower 
