BEECH ASSOCIATION 245 
levels of the higher trees. Little is known of the mammals of the beech 
and maple forest. Deer, bears, wolves, foxes, hares, etc., appear to 
prefer forests with more undergrowth and herbaceous vegetation. 
Squirrels are fond of beechnuts, and are probably the chief resident 
mammals. The fox squirrel, gray squirrel, red squirrel, and other mam- 
mals of the preceding stages doubtless occur. 
d) Consocies of the decay of a beech.—Succession: Any tree which 
is torn down by the wind or lightning is attacked by a series of borers, 
LEArF- AND TwiG-FEEDERS 
Fic. 244.—The nest of an Io caterpillar in the beech leaves; reduced. 
Fic. 245.—Woolly aphids (Pemphigus imbricator Fitch) on the twig of the beech; 
reduced. 
etc., each one helping to prepare the way for those that follow. To 
illustrate the general principles, the succession of animals in any. species 
of tree might be presented. We have chosen the beech. 
According to Felt (137), living beeches are commonly attacked by the 
red-horned borer (Ptilinus ruficornis Say) which bores into the bark 
and wood, and another borer (Anthophilax attenuatus Hald,) which lays 
eggs in the galleries thus formed. We have examined four stages of the 
decay of beech trees. 
