INDEX OF SUBJECTS 347 
Calumet beach, 46. 
Carbon dioxide: important to animals, 
59, 60; im air, 59; in ponds, 68; in 
sewage, 17: in springs, 93; in streams, 
86; relation to quantity, 66—7o. 
Carp, 31, £20, 130. 
Carrion: 219; feeder, 219. 
Catbird, 268, 275. 
Caterpillar: _achemon sphinx, 232; 
American dagger-moth, 192}; cecropia, 
198, 199; common to marsh forest 
trees, 192; forest tent, 192; hickory 
tussock-moth, 192; maia moth, 268; 
. prominent, 232, 233; puss, 232; slug, 
233; smeared dagger-moth, 192; vice- 
roy, 198, 199; white-marked tussock- 
moth, 192. 
Catfish, lake, 85. See Bullhead. 
Cecidomyiidae, 215, 229. 
Center of distribution, 303. 
Chara, bottoms covered with, 140, 141, 
142, 145; communities, 140-45; not 
good animal food, 142. 
Characters of communities of forest, 250, 
250 
Chicago region: climate, former, 47, 
present, 49; extent, 48; guide to, 50; 
topography, 48; vegetation, 4o. - 
Chickadee, black-capped, 220. 
Chipmunk, 34, 196, 269, 274. 
Chordata, 2. 
Chub: creek (See Horned dace); river, 
119. 
Cicada: 227; nymphs, 262, 268. 
Circulation of water: lake, 60, 61; 
pond, 136; stream, 60. 
Cladocerans, 76, 83, 134, 173. 
Cladocerans or Cladocera, 
names: 
—Acroperus harpae, 134. 
—Bosmina, 76: 
obtusirostris, 134. 
—Ceriodaphnia, 134, 152: 
pulchella, 152. 
quadrangula, 152. 
reticulata, 134. 
—Chydorus sphaericus, 134. 
—Daphne: 
hyalina, 76, 83. 
retrocurva, 70. 
—Daphnia. See Daphne. 
—Daphnidae, 278. 
—Diaphanosoma brachyurum, 134. 
—Leptodora hyalina, 76. 
—Macrothrix rosea, 134. 
scientific 
—Pleuroxus denticulatus, 134. 
—Polyphemus pediculus, 134. 
—Scapholeberis mucronata, 134. 
—Simocephalus serrulatus, 134. 
Classification: ecological, 2; taxonom- 
1G Dp 
Climate: 49; former, 47. 
Climatic communities, 38-41, 42, 40, 
50, 310-15. 
Coloration, 25. 
Combinations of factors, 161-66. 
Communities: basis, 33, 34; behavior 
in, 27; classification, 37-41; conver- 
gence, 309-12; decline of primeval, 
13-16; defined, 3: man-made, 12-18; 
mapped, ii; of buildings, 16; of culti- 
vated lands, 16; of forest, 189-261; 
of forest border region, 39-41; of 
forest margins, 262-77; of large lakes, 
73-85; of marshes, 169-80; of orchards, 
16; of ponds, 136-56; of prairies, 287— 
98; of roadsides, 12, 16, 275, 276; of 
small lakes, 125-35; of springs, 93; 
of streams, 86-123; of thickets, 262- 
77; relations of animals in, 35, 70-71, 
166-68. 
Conditions of existence: aquatic, 58-72; 
terrestrial, 157-67. 
Consocies: aphid, 37, 214, 234, 200; 
beech log, 245-47; defined, 37; log, 
150-51; pitcher-plant, 40, 193; pool, 
39, 90; spring, 39, 93; temporary rapids, 
39, 87, 88 
Convergence of communities: 309-12; 
of habitats, 93, 94. 
Coot, 170. 
Copepods: fecundity of, 35; in young 
ponds, 173. 
Copepods, scientific names: 
—Canihocamptus northumbricus, 200. 
—Cyclops, 278: 
albidus, 134, 152, 200. 
bicus pidatus, 76, 83. 
leuckarti, 83. 
prasinus, 83. 
serrulatus, 134, 200. 
viridis, 152. 
viridis americanus, 176, 200. 
viridis brevis pinosus, 134. 
—Diaptomus, 179, 278, 279: 
ashlandi, 83. 
leplopus, 152. 
oregonensis, 83. 
reighardt, 135, 152. 
stagnalis, 176, 179, 185. 
—Epischura lacustris, 83. 
