42 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [Vot. VIII. 
a desire. The Greeks dreamed that Astrea, the star-bright maiden, who, 
having tarried longest among men, withdrew at the termination of the 
golden age to be placed among the stars, would return to earth to end 
the discords and turmoil of mankind, and inaugurate an era of perpetual 
peace. 
The twentieth century has come and men have not yet beat their 
swords to plowshares nor their spears to pruning-hooks. It can not yet 
be considered prudent for a nation to learn war no more. 
One has still to dip into the future, far as human eye can see, before 
one can perceive the progress of common sense, 
‘“Till the war drum throb no longer and the battle flags are furled 
In the parliament of man, the federation of the world,’’ 
When 
‘‘the common sense of most shall hold a fretful realm in awe, 
And the kindly earth shall slumber, lapt in universal law.”’ 
Though many over-sanguine expectations have been disappointed, a 
study of the development of the principle of international arbitration 
leads to the conclusion that real and substantial progress has been made. 
It is always well, however, to look the facts squarely in the face. 
The closing of the Temple of Janus by Augustus was followed not 
by peace, as was anticipated, but by the overthrow of Rome by the Bar- 
barians. 
The great International Exhibition of 1851 was trumpeted as a call 
to loose ‘‘from growing commerce”’ her latest chain 
‘‘And let the fair white-winged peacemaker fly 
To happy havens under all the sky, 
And mix the seasons and the golden hours; 
Till each man find his own in all men’s good 
And all men work in noble brotherhood, 
Breaking their mailed fleets and armed towers 
And ruling, by obeying Nature’s powers.” 
Yet that feast of wonder was scarcely over before three of the great 
European nations were at war; and since then war has not been long 
if ever absent from all the continents. 
To all this it must be said that evolution is a slow process. 
It took a long time to establish the jurisdiction of our civil courts. 
Even as late as 1818, in the famous case of Ashforth v. Thornton, 
