1903-4.] THE PRINCIPLES OF INSURANCE. 89 
Tuirp Law. A third law relates to the insanitary nature of various 
occupations. The sum of sickness in England at the ages from sixteen 
to seventy-four, taking the average of five years, embracing over three 
million years of exposure, in which there were seven million weeks of 
sickness, worked out as under :— 
Absolute Ratio 
Occupation. No. of weeks to 
sickness. Class I. 
my) Aericulturaland non-hazardous... 0.2 cerns ole sae es see iene: 236.3 100 
2. Building trades, railway service and sea-faring people........ 284.8 121 
3. Quarry men, iron and steel workers exposed to great heat. .325.5 138 
Jide, VCH ES eS) RN 2 ATO US hea nin cpt RS Rica Nee Sante hee ae 410.0 173) 
WHOLE SOGIELY procs cee tela ter. tale sited sy ovels ost 2 5 Nema aon TOO 
Allied to the above is the question of residence. By this experience 
the duration of life was about two years greater in rural than in urban dis- 
tricts. City mortality was in excess of that in towns. Mr. Watson says: 
Of 1,000 members entering observation at sixteen years of age there are 
still living at sixty-five in 
AoE) se IRMING Soe aol 588 JNeSeV it) LOfie oa go gale'g wie 554 
Hig eo} is Ee geen Crate 506 PV DA ERE Aig ence ie 8 455 
Me A et ee RS 557 See imo wn chocdenaa 514 
Area 1 rural is almost exclusively agricultural, area 2 urban is the 
Cheshire, Lancashire and West Yorkshire region of the textile industries. 
Comment is unnecessary here. There is more sickness in urban than in 
rural districts. 
FourtH Law. Then there is a fourth law I think I may lay down: 
viz., that disability from accident increases with age, but not in a steady 
ratio. I take this from the German statistics, which are as follows:— 
Accidents per 1000 insured. 
Industrial Building Trades = 7 
andi Marine Acai: AeHouly rey ane. Forestry 
dents. aT 
Age. 
Males. Females. | Males. Females. 
LOwWCO RNS vouskeuac hts eo sve mtig:sataitehenaiens arayebere las 3.6 16) 2.8 5 
OMe 2OL vahencys secre akcoM eRe wae ohelanetey % foi talis Aes h.3 2.6 itp Ix 
2 Oar B Ole. she iene ee aye, Seer ee aT AM aT os eee es 8k @,2 1.6 30 DT 
BONS HAO Giats eters Ace cis ee ene teeta ees Ope TG AeA: 4.9 
AO sents 5 Osher sap) o lavereveeer obs cencueus aratckaey senesar | Bald Diss 6.6 6.8 
OM STOOL cick isn whe creme oeiees cae ates | T5943 Bue 8.1 g.1 
(XO ia MOMS e ceo ae eit ciate oa ieee e 16.0 2).6 10.4 10.3 
FOMATUC SEU yatsies aisc el EAE sectueis avers okee oe 9.9 if gat 8.9 8.4 
The German authority, Dr. Klein, says it is evidently not customary 
to put young people in charge of dangerous work, and this is why an increas- 
ed percentage of accidents is shewn when workmen reach the prime of life. I 
