1904-5.] ; THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES OF THE DOMINION. 153 
are at the present time in an unsettled condition, mainly owing to the ad- 
vent of electrolytic methods. Wherever cheap water power is available, 
however, electrolytic processes will be rapidly developed, provided the raw 
material is obtainable within a reasonable distance. 
II.—THE ExtTRACTION AND REFINING OF METALS. 
Almost every province in the Dominion possesses valuable mineral 
resources; these are rapidly being exploited, and among the metals pro- 
duced in quantity may be mentioned iron, copper, lead and silver, nickel, 
arsenic, antimony, and, lastly, aluminum. These metals are found in the 
form of native iron, magnetic iron ore, iron pyrites, hematite, native copper, 
chalcopyrite, galena, native silver and ores of silver, nickeliferous pyr- 
rhotite, gold, sulphide of antimony, and arsenical pyrites. 
IRON. 
The iron ores of the Dominion occur at varied intervals, from Vancou- 
ver Island on the west to Cape Breton Island and Newfoundland on the 
east. In Nova Scotia there are particularly rich deposits, and in close 
contiguity to them are found the necessary materials for smelting. 
Hematites, too, are found in all parts of Canada. One of the most valu- 
able deposits of specular iron is at Hull, near Ottawa, which assays from 
64 to 68 per cent, of metallic iron. In the Appendix (Appendix I.) will be 
found more particulars regarding the iron ores of the Dominion. 
The Canadian iron industry dates back to the establishment of the 
St. Maurice forges by the French Government in 1737. Many other minor 
plants were subsequently built, as at Batiscan, Hull, and Bois de Paul, 
all in Quebec; at Furnace Falls, Mormondale, Marmora, etc., in Ontario; 
at Woodstock, in New Brunswick; and at Moose River, Nictaux, and 
Bloomfield, in Nova Scotia. They all subsequently failed, however, 
in consequence of the competition of Great Britain and the United States. 
This early failure was due as much as anything else to lack of enterprise, 
capital, and proper shipping facilities. The modern development of the 
industry may be said to date from the introduction of a protective duty 
on iron in 1887. The granting of bounties by the Dominion and Ontario 
Governments has also assisted largely in bringing about the present con- 
dition of the iron and steel industries.4 The annual aggregate capacity 
of the completed and unfinished furnaces in the Dominion in 1903 was 
(3) Chem. Tr. J., 23.8.02, 6.9.02, and 24.1.03. 
(4) Dominion bounty on pig iron, $3 per ton produced. Ontario bounty $1 per ton on pig iron 
produced from Ontario ores, and 50 cents on ores not obtained in the Province; the rate of $1 to be only 
paid up to 25,000 tons. Bounty is at present largely reduced owing to increased production. 
