156 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [Vou. VIII. 
Canadian-made steel is largely exported to the United States from 
where it returns to this country in the form of rails and other finished 
products; but it is intended that this feature of the steel industry will 
shortly be transferred to Canadian territory. Sydney is extremely well 
situated as a seaport, being nearer to England than is New York, and, 
strange as it may appear, to the ports of South America and South Africa.® 
As far as the geographical position is concerned, therefore, Sydney pos- 
sesses many advantages, while the masterly and liberal way in which 
the iron and steel industry has been organized and developed, points to a 
bright future for it in Canada.!° 
A new plant has been erected near North Sydney by the Nova Scotia 
Steel Company, who have at present works at Ferrona, with a limited 
supply of ore near at hand. Hence they import largely from New- 
foundland. ‘Their steel works are at present at New Glasgow, but a new 
plant is under construction at Sydney (1903), Their output, which is 
sold almost exclusively in Canada, approximates 100 tons of pig-iron 
perfday and the same amount of steel.10%* 
COPPER. 
The production of refined copper can hardly be classed among the 
chemical industries of the Dominion, as practically only the first stage 
in its extraction of the metal is reached, namely, the making of copper 
matte, which is exported to the United States to be refined. As will be 
seen below, however, the refining of this metal is now being carried on in 
British Columbia. 
Copper ores occur in great abundance, and constitute one of the most 
important mineral resources of the country. These are distributed over 
large tracts in Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The 
deposits consist of native copper and sulphides, the former confined prin- 
cipally to the Lake Superior region, the latter being more widely diffused, 
Miles 
(9) Sydney Harbour to Liverpool (via South of Ireland).....................- 2,307 
New ork Harbourtotiverpoolsc ner eer eco er cine none an Eee 3,110 
Sydney; Harbour'to Pernambucot. ser tic teehee cs oer ane 3,567 
NewnYvork Harbour to :PermambucOncamniiek ecto ee soles oe ee eel 3,696 
Sydney Harbour'to|Cape Rowse eee eeieeac Gan hee ce ee cee eieenciereie 6,467 
New York Harbour, to\Cape ownietoriten ease eva ciciene te Eee erate 6,787 
These figures were supplied to me by Mr. Watson Griffin, who obtained them from Captain W. H. 
Smith, R.N.R., Halifax. The distances from New York were compiled by the United States Commission 
of Navigation. 
(10) Mr. Watson Griffin, who kindly supplied me with material from which the above description 
of the Sydney operations was written, mentioned also that a leading Scottish iron and steel mag- 
nate told him that, everything considered, Sydney, in regard to raw materials, nearness to the mark 
and the excellent equipment it possessed, would be the finest steel manufactory in the world. Watson 
Griffin, ‘‘Dominion Steel and Coal Cé., Sydney;”’ Montreal, 1902. Watson Griffin, ‘‘The Front Door 
of Canada;”’ Montreal, 1899. 
(10 bis.) The production of pig iron in 1903 amounted to 265,418 tons, as compared to 47,000 tons 
in 1893, while the proportion of the home product to the total consumption of pig was 76 per cent. in 1903 
as compared with 42 per cent. in 1893. 
