1904-5.] THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES OF THE DOMINION. 165 
The total production of ammonia from all the gas liquors obtained in 
the destructive distillation of coal throughout the Dominion is, the writer 
is informed by Mr. J. G. Harvey of Toronto, about 235,000 pounds of a 28° 
Beaumé solution. As this quantity is in excess of what is required to 
supply the Canadian market by some 100,000 pounds, that amount is 
exported to the States. Besides the numerous trade preparations of am- 
monia used for household and other purposes, ‘‘aqua ammonia’”’ and an- 
hydrous liquid ammonia are the two principal forms in which it is prepared. 
The process consists in mixing milk-of-lime in suitably constructed vessels 
with the ammoniacal gas liquor, agitating and heating with steam and con- 
ducting the liberated ammonia through more milk-of-lime, through a 
drip-tank and, in succession, through oil, charcoal purifiers, caustic alkali 
and finally to tanks of distilled water kept cool by running water, where- 
the gas is absorbed and the ammonia of commerce thus obtained. Manu- 
facturers claim that the amount of water required to be used during the 
process reduces the profits considerably, as the gas-liquors are of a poor 
quality, seldom exceeding 149%° Twaddle. Anhydrous ammonia is pro- 
duced from the ‘‘aqua ammonia”’ by a series of fractional distillations, is 
liquefied by pressure and stored in hundred pound welded iron cylinders. 
It contains 99 per cent. liquid NH, and finds its principal use as a 
refrigerant. 
V.—SoaP AND GLYCERINE. 
SOAP. 
The soap industry in Canada is growing rapidly; at the present time 
some fifteen large concerns are in operation, employing in all about 2,000 
hands. A branch of the well-known firm whose headquarters are at 
Port Sunlight near Liverpool, was recently started in Toronto, with an 
annual capacity of 10,000 tons. Their products are similar to those made 
at their other works, and their raw materials are procured from Africa, 
the United States, and locally (tallow). They own islands in the Pacific 
from which they import cocoanut oil. 
Many other firms are also manufacturers on a large scale and produce 
all grades, from the cheapest textile and laundry soaps to the finer quali- 
ties of toilet soaps. Great advances have taken place in the industry during 
the past ten years, particularly in the making of the latter. The same 
system of manufacture obtains in England. ‘The raw materials are mainly 
cocoanut oil, palm oil, and tallow, the first two in a large measure super- 
seding the last mentioned. The market for Canadian made soap is limited, 
the home market is supplied and a large export trade is done with the West 
Indies and Australia. The competition of the United States is felt more 
