174 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [Voy. VIII. 
as supplying a substitute for the older building materials, will be in danger 
of a similar fate. The total output of Portland cement in 1902 was valued 
at 1,028,618 dols.,*9 and in 1903 at 1,166,497 dols.*° 
Gypsum is found in considerable quantities in Nova Scotia and New 
Brunswick. At Windsor, N.S., there are immense deposits; the beds 
found in the vicinity of Hillsborough, N.B., are, however, very large and 
of great purity, and form the basis of the most extensive operations.°+ 
It is also found in Ontario, and plaster works are located at Paris in that 
Province. In 1901 active operations were begun at Gypsumville, Manitoba. 
The industry, however is principally located in New Brunswick. Draw- 
backs in the way of freight charges, inadequate shipping facilities, and 
the competition offered by manufacturers of plaster of Paris in the United 
States, kept the industry from developing until the Intercolonial Railway 
was opened and the increased duty on American plaster imposed, when the 
New Brunswick plaster, quarried and prepared at Hillsborough, came to be 
firmly established on the Canadian Market. In manufacturing plaster 
of Paris, the stone is first dried in the air and ground—not burned in lumps 
as is still done to a considerable extent in Eng and and on the Continent 
of Europe, and the pulverized material subjected to a process of calcin- 
ation in kettles, of a capacity of sixty barrels of 300 pounds of the calcined 
plaster, furnished with lids and stirring arms which keep the material 
in constant motion. When the required temperature has been reached 
(285° F.), the plaster is removed and packed in paper-lined barrels for 
market. Analysis of the Hillsborough gypsum shows it to be 99.88 per 
cent. CaSO4.52 The principal markets for plaster of Paris are Canada, 
the United States, and South Africa, while the crude gypsum is exported 
largely to New York and other portions of the States, being used for making 
plaster for walls and ceilings.°? According to the Geological Survey 
Reports for 1902, the gypsum produced in Canada during that year 
amounted to over 332,000 tons, valued at 356,317 dols. 
XI.—CARBOHYDRATES: (A) THE REFINING OF SUGAR; (B) THE BEET- 
SUGAR INDUSTRY. 
The hoped-for developments in the production of sugar from beets 
in Ontario and Southern Alberta, referred to in the first edition of this 
paper (1903) have not come up to the expectations either of the writer 
or of the public as will be seen from the sequel. Statistics show that during 
(49) Geological Survey of Canada: Mineral Products, 1902. 
(50) Stattisical Year Book, 1903. 
(51) Geological Survey of Canada: The Mineral Resources of New Brunswick, 1899. 
(52) Analysis by A. A. Breneman, of New York, in Mineral Resources of New Brunswick, Geo- 
logical Survey of Canada, 1899. 
(53) Letter from the Manager, Albert Manufacturing Co. 
