1904-5. | THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES OF THE DOMINION. 181 
from year to year unless this is counteracted by an extension of the oil- 
bearing territories.°7 Probably, the field. about to be exploited in the 
North-West will alter the position somewhat, and an increase in the output 
may be confidently looked for."® 
XIII.—PuLp AND PAPER. 
PULP. 
As timber is one of the chief natural products of the Dominion, it 
is only to be expected that Canada should figure largely in the wood pulp 
industry; the figures that might be given to indicate the number of cords 
of pulp-wood available throughout the country are so large that one could 
hardly grasp their real significance. The industry is not so young as many 
others that have been considered; in the census of 1871, no pulp-making 
plants are mentioned; in 1881, there appear five mills, employing 68 men, 
and having an output valued at $63,000; in 1891 there were 24, with a 
yield valued at more than a million dollars; while 1903 shows some 39 
factories, from which the exported pulp alone amounted to over five million 
dollars.” The area of pulp-making operations is not confined to any one 
Province, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, and British 
Columbia are all represented in the industry. 
The principal woods employed for pulp-making are white and black 
spruce, balsam, poplar, and pine; spruce’! and balsam are those most gener- 
ally used, on account of the special quality of their fibre and their colour, 
pine being utilized mostly for chemical pulp. The two main varieties 
of the pulp are mechanical and chemical. ‘The former is obtained by grind- 
ing spruce logs to powder, the logs being pressed against a rapidly revol- 
ving grindstone, with water constantly supplied to prevent the friction 
causing a rise in temperature. A liquid pulp is thus obtained from which 
the water is squeezed by hydraulic machinery, a pressure of many tons 
to the square inch being employed. The resulting pulp still contains water, 
however, to the extent of from 50 to 60 per cent., though some works— 
notably those at Sault Ste. Marie—have introduced a machine specially 
constructed for the purpose of removing this large excess of moisture. 
Where the pulp is to be made at once into paper, this drying process is 
unnecessary. The specially dried pulp resembles paper very closely in 
outward appearance.’? Chemical pulp is prepared by disintegrating and 
(69) Total value of products of petroleum in Ontario in 1901, $1,467,940, Bureau of Mines Report 
1902. 
(70) Statistical Year Book, 1903. 
(71) In 1894 it was estimated that Canada contained between 38 and 40 per cent. of woodlands and 
forests, or about 1,400,000 square miles, one-half of this being spruce. The spruce area is thus 450 
million acres. In all there are 4,500 million tons of pulpwood in sight. ‘‘Pulpwood of Canada.” 
Pan-American Exhibition pamphlet, published by the Geological Survey, 1901. 
(72) The Sault Ste. Marie Works used (1903) some 200 tons of spruce logs yielding 150 tons of pulp 
per day. 
