1904-5.] THE CAUSES OF FAMINES IN INDIA. 235 
and practical education. But their rulers are giving them almost nothing 
of this kind. Britain’s neglect of education is a dark stain upon her treat- 
ment of India. 
RAILWAYS. 
We are pointed to the railways of India as a striking illustration of 
what England is doing for her dependency. Yes, whatever lack of money 
there may be for education, or for sanitary improvements, or for irri- 
gation, or for other things which the people of India so earnestly desire 
and pray for, the Indian Government always seems to have plenty for 
railways. Why? Primarily because the railways benefit the English. 
It is true that the Indian people use them, and derive certain advan- 
tages from them; but they also suffer from them certain very serious dis- 
advantages. The railways have been a powerful factor in breaking up old 
industries, and thus have brought hardship and suffering to millions of the 
people. But they enrich the ruling nation, and they give her a firmer 
military grip upon her valuable dependency, and hence money can be 
found for them and for the army, whatever else suffers. What a com- 
mentary it is upon the present management of India that seven and a half 
times as much money is spent by the Government annually on railways as 
on irrigation, and six and a half times as much on the army as on irrigation; 
and that thirteen times as much is spent on railways as on education, and 
twelve times as much on the army as on education! 
INDIA AND JAPAN. 
It has been said that Great Britain can rule India better than India 
can rule herself. A sufficient answer to this claim would seem to be India’s 
increasing famines, increasing impoverishment, and the increasing dis- 
content of her people. But another answer also is seen in the relative 
condition of Britain-ruled India and self-ruled Japan. When the British 
came on the scene India was the leader of Asiatic civilization; she was far 
in advance of Japan. Time has passed. India has been ruled by a for- 
eign power; Japan has governed herself, and shaped her own development. 
What has been the result? Which country now is inthe advance? India 
or Japan? 
BRITAIN AS A PEACE-MAKER IN INDIA. 
We are pointed to the Pax Britannica as a great boon conferred upon 
India by Great Britain. The truth is, India has always been a more 
peaceful country than Europe, and the Indian people are more peaceful 
by nature than the English. Indeed this was the reason why they fell 
So easy a prey to the English. India’s worst wars have been those which 
