236 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE [Vou. VIII. 
she has fought in resistance to her numerous invaders, Asiatic and Euro- 
pean. She had some wars of a serious character in connection with the 
breaking up of the Mogul Empire, which was itself a foreign domination; 
but of all her modern wars none are to be compared for magnitude or for 
destruction of life and property with the Napoleonic wars and several 
others among European nations. If there was need for a strong foreign 
power to come into India to compel her to keep the peace, there was and 
still is much more need for a strong foreign power to come into Europe 
to compel her to keep the peace. The bloodiest of all India’s wars for 
many centuries have been those waged by the British for her conquest. 
Peace conferred as the result of such wars is a questionable boon to be con- 
ferred upon any land. How would Europe like it? How did Britain 
herself like it when Rome conferred it upon her under Julius Cesar and 
his successors? It has been estimated that the total number of deaths 
from war in the whole world during the 107 years from 1793 to 1900 was 
about 5,000,000,—an awful record surely! But, this number is only 
one-half that of the deaths caused by famine in India in a single decade of 
that 107 years, according to the estimate of The Lancet. Verily there 
may be a peace that is worse than war. Some of these facts should be 
borne in mind when we undertake to estimate the value of the Pax 
Britannica to India. 
MUST THE PEOPLE OF INDIA BE KEPT ‘‘HEWERS OF WOOD AND DRAWERS 
OF WATER” FOR FOREIGN MASTERS FOR EVER? Is ENGLAND 
HELPING THEM IN THE DIRECTION OF ANY- 
THING BETTER? 
We are told that Great Britain is training the Indian people, and 
preparing them for self-rule by and by. I wish this were true. The 
best Englishmen ever since India came under English control have urged 
that this ought to be the aim, kept steadily in view. But it has not been 
and it is not now. Whatever slight tendencies there may have been in 
this direction under Lord Ripon, or any earlier rulers, of late have been 
entirely laid aside. For twenty years, and more, but especially under 
Lord Curzon, the spirit of the Indian Government has been distinctly 
reactionary, toward less of sympathy with Indian aspiration, greater 
severity of treatment of the people, restricting still more their few liberties, 
and pushing still further away the day of their hope for any degree of self- 
rule. Mr. Moorfield Storey, of Boston, asked Sir Andrew Clarke, the 
distinguished administrator of the Straits Settlements, and a high authority 
on British Colonial Government: ‘‘Have these centuries of British rule 
