300 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [Vow VIIIS - 
take into consideration. In fact the trees too small to make merchant- 
able timber are usually regarded as of no value. A prominent lumber- 
man told me a few years ago that he had incurred the pitying contempt 
of his foreman by giving orders that they should not use young pine trees 
for roads and shanties when balsam, poplar or other less valuable trees 
could be got for the purpose. Men with their training are apt to have 
very little idea of the rotation of the forest crops, or the reproduction 
of trees or many other things useful to know in forest operations involving 
a long term of years. 
To illustrate: A few years ago I was travelling over a timber berth 
with the forest superintendent of a large lumber company. As we 
walked through the bush I picked up and examined quite a number of 
white pine cones. In answer to his inquiry I explained that I was trying 
to satisfy myself whether all the seeds had dropped out before the cones 
fell from the tree or otherwise. He expressed great surprise on learning 
that the cones had contained seeds, and said he had seen those things 
in the bush often, but never knew what they were. It had never occurred 
to him to consider how the trees grew, whether from seed or ‘‘spontaneous 
generation.” It was sufficient for him that the trees were there to be cut. 
Now, this man was active, intelligent, and held a very responsible 
position. He knew his business, as he had learned it, well, but I submit 
that this man with the practical knowledge he possessed, plus a scientific 
training, would have been of far more value to his employers than he 
was or is. 
That lumbermen will ultimately recognize this, I have no doubt, 
but they will need to be convinced by the actual work of trained foresters. 
I do not pretend to say that the method of lumbering so far followed by 
Ontario limit owners has not been on the lines of good forestry from the 
point of view of their financial interests. Practical forestry is simply 
business, and in the case of these timber licenses issued from year to year, 
liable to be cancelled if the land was needed for settlement, it was quite © 
natural and wise that the lumbermen should remove all the timber, mostly 
paid for in a lump sum in advance, as cheaply as possible and as thorough- 
ly as they could. It was liable to burn up, the license might be cancelled, 
interest charges on the money paid in advance for the timber accumulated, 
and the lumberman followed proper forestry methods in cutting his tim- 
ber off without much thought of the future. 
What was good forestry for the lumberman, however, was not wise 
forestry practice for the State, and let us hope that some time even on this 
class of timber land forestry methods more in the joint interest of the 
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