312 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [Vov. VIII. 
in New York which could at one time have been bought for a week’s work, 
would now command the wages of twenty thousand years, three times 
the period since Adam, according to the common chronology. 
To maintain the supply of food, clothing, housing, etc., men must toil 
generation after generation. By no possible combination of industry, 
thrift, co-operation, organization, or improved processes can man pro- 
duce so much in one generation that the next will be relieved from all 
toil, Nature’s decree is inexorable. Toil or die. This is true of the 
values that come with individual energy. But with the value of the land 
it is far otherwise. This value stays with the crowd like a shadow. So 
long as we have the assembly of the crowd, there will abide the value of 
the land. 
During the last century the world has made a leap forward in the way 
of marvellous inventions to a degree never paralleled in any other period 
of history. The cost of transportation has been reduced in some cases 
a hundred fold, and the same may be said of the production of many of the 
fabrics. But no hint has ever been made of any method whereby we can 
reduce the value of the centre lots in the city. In fact these marvellous 
inventions have tended the other way. 
Here are enumerated several important distinctions between the 
two values. These differences are so great that what we affirm of the one 
value we must deny of the other. The first value is the result of individual 
effort, the other is not; the first indicates greater wealth in goods, the 
second does not, it indicates greater poverty in land; the first value is 
transitory, the second is not transitory, but perennial, abiding for ever; 
the one demands the toil of individuals age after age, the other does not; 
but depends on the presence of the crowd; the first can be reduced by 
ingenious inventions, the second cannot. 
As there are two distinct values, the one indicating greater wealth 
in goods, and the other indicating greater scarcity in land, mines, etc., 
so there must necessarily be two kinds of trade, so long as individuals 
are allowed to claim the values of these gifts of nature. 
When the farmer meets thé mechanic, each with the product of his 
industry so that they may exchange, the result of this trade is mutually 
beneficial. It is reciprocity of service and reciprocity of riches. It is . 
on this kind of trade depends the possibility of the development and 
progress of civilization. 
When we look at the manner in which society automatically divides 
itself into different occupations, each rendering its service for the benefit 
