334 TRANSACTIONS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. [Vov. VIII. 
ments of the other senses and even organic sensations are always, though 
not necessarily very distinctly, spacially localized, and if a sound sometimes 
cannot be localized in a definite direction it is yet not non-spacial, for it 
is still vaguely localized either within the body or outside of it in the 
surrounding space. 
Thus we see series in time can never be the elements on which 
space and its extension is founded, for series are only possible by virtue 
of time and space relations, and time has an extension, is an extended 
magnitude only if apprehended in analogy to and measured by space. 
Consequently if somebody tries to make up space out of components 
in which time, motion, or series enter, he is arguing in acircle. 
In the third group belong those views which try to reduce space to 
intensity, quality, or the co--operation of intensive and qualitative differ- 
ences. Here belong the so-called Local Sign Theories in so far as they 
attempt to explain not only the order in space, but the existence and 
nature of space itself. The reduction of space to intensity must certainly 
be a failure since, as we have seen above, purely intensive differences 
are only possible on the assumption at the same time of extensive separa- 
tion in space. Besides this, if space were built up of differences of inten- 
sity, why are those intensity differences not seen as such? On the 
other hand it is just as impossible to reduce space to pure qualities. For if 
the spacial ‘‘beside one another”’ rests on qualitative differences, I cannot 
see why these qualitative differences should not be perceived as such but 
as something totally different. Something quite specific must be added 
to quality or intensity differences in order to make them appear as some- 
thing else from what they are. 
But it might be said that the fusion of qualitative and intensive 
elements is what creates space, and Wundt, on the basis of his theory 
of psychical casuality, according to which the principle of equivalence of 
cause and effect is not valid on the psychical side as it is on the physical, 
the effect being on the contrary always greater than the cause, has 
advanced a very ingenious theory of this kind. If this idea that space is 
the result of co-operation or fusion of qualities and quantities be correct, 
we should wonder why this qualitative and quantitative fusion should 
only give rise to space in the visual sense. Why do not other fusions of 
the kind do the same, as for instance those in the sense of hearing? Ob- 
viously something must be added to this qualitative-intensive fusion, 
some extra property which distinguishes this effect from that of other 
fusions of a qualitative-intensive kind. But agreeing to this argu- 
ment is tantamount to admitting that this specific extra property just 
