46 
16. 
We 
18. 
19, 
20. 
A. EF. Vervill— The Bermuda Islands; Geology. 
Evidences of Subsidence. 
A. Evidences from submerged Atolian limestones and Peat-bogs. 
B. Evidences of subsidence derived from Caverns and Sinks. 
a. Caverns containing Sea-water, 
b. Walsingham Caves and Sinks. 
c. Peat-bogs and Marshes. 
C. Evidences of Subsidence from submerged Sinks, Sounds, and 
Channels. 
a. Submerged Caverns and Sinks. 
b. Submerged Sounds or eroded Valleys. 
ce. Outer Channels or ‘‘ Cuts.” 
1. Position and depths of the Cuts. 
2. Filling up of the Cuts and Channels. 
Broken Grounds outside the Reefs. 
Argus and Challenger Banks. 
Evidences of Reélevation of the Bermudas. 
Changes due to Erosion. 
A. Subaerial Erosion due to solvent action of rain-water ; slow rate of 
decay of limestones. Spanish Rock. 
B. Mechanical action of rain-water. 
C. Erosion by streams in former periods. 
D. Erosion by the waves. 
a. Krosion of the North-shore Cliffs, Islets, and Ledges. 
b. Grottoes and cavernous places. : 
ce. Natural Arches. 
d. Beaches of Shell-sand. 
e. Cliffs of Harrington Sound. 
f. Erosion of the outer Reefs and ‘‘ Flats.” 
g. Erosion of the South shore Cliffs and Reefs. 
h. Pot-holes. 
i. Serpuline Atolls or ‘‘ Boilers.” 
j. Cutting Channels; forming Harbors and Bays. 
. Rates of Erosion by the sea; modern changes slow; hurricanes ; land-slides ; 
silting of harbors; ancient maps. 
2. Origin of the Sands. 
. Modern Sand-dunes. 
Part IV.—II. PALEONTOLOGY. 
. Fossils of the Walsingham formation. 
a. Land Shells 
b. ‘* Palmetto stumps” or ‘‘ Sand-pipes.” 
45. Fossils of the Devonshire formation. 
. Fossils of uncertain age. 
. Summary. 
Bibliography. 
