132 A. EF. Verrill—The Bermuda Islands; Geology. 
’ 
tively larger than in the photographs, but this is evidently to give 
perspective for artistic effect. It has nearly the same shape as at 
present, but may have been somewhat larger. Lyell stated that it 
was then 12 feet high, while the main rock was 16 feet high. These 
are rather more than their present heights. Unfortunately the 
point of view in this sketch is not the same as in any of the photo- 
graphs, so that no very close comparison of the cuts can be made. 
A comparison of the sketch, on the spot, with the actual rocks, 
would be useful. But it is evident that at least one of the smaller 
rocks has disappeared. The wonder is that the changes have been 
so small in this very exposed situation. 
This drawing, therefore, confirms my conclusions, derived from 
other evidence, that the rate of erosion is here very much slower 
than has been supposed. 
Great Storms ; Hurricanes. 
The Bermudas are frequently visited by severe storms, and occa- 
sionally genuine West Indian hurricanes reach these islands and do 
great damage to buildings, shipping, trees, crops, etc. But as the 
dwellings are almost all of limestone blocks, and solidly built, they 
are seldom entirely demolished and for that reason there is seldom 
any loss of life, though in the storm of Sept. 28, 1903, two men were 
killed. 
Such storms are of special geological importance, for they effect 
more changes in the shore cliffs and beaches in a few hours than 
would occur in many years of ordinary weather. Unfortunately no 
geologists or other persons sufficiently interested have been on the 
spot to record such changes as have occurred along the shores and 
outer reefs, at such times. Such facts as are recorded usually relate 
mostly to the damage to property, or to the shores of the more 
sheltered harbors. 
In Part I of this series* I have given some details of the effects 
of the hurricane of Sept. 12, 1899, in which the long causeway was 
destroyed (see also, p. 127, above), and much other damage was done 
all over the islands. But yet there is scarcely anything recorded of 
the changes that it wrought on the exposed cliffs, though such effects 
were sufficiently obvious a year later, all along the southern shores. 
* These Trans., xi, pp. 442, 496, 497: ‘‘ The Bermuda Islands,” pp. 80, 84, 85 
where other similar hurricanes are also recorded. 
