142 A, E. Verrill—The Bermuda Islands; Geology. 
bowensis. All these are common species which can easily be washed 
into the sea by rains or blown by the winds. Seeds of land plants 
occurred in small numbers in the same localities. 
Near the ship-channels there was usually a considerable per cent. 
of small fragments of coal and cinders. The latter were usually 
decomposed, partially or wholly, to small reddish lumps of red clay, 
often soft enough to be easily crushed between the fingers. In some 
samples from off Bailey Bay, such fragments of cinders constituted 
about 10 per cent. of the washed material. 
Figure 36c, a-d.—Idmonea atlantica, branches of different sizes and shapes ; 
much enlarged. Drawn by A. H. Verrill. 
An average sample of the bottom from Bailey Bay, in 6 fathoms, 
had about the following proportions ; Impalpable and very fine mud, 
60 per cent.; coarse materials, such as fragments of larger shells, bits 
of limestone, etec., 5 per cent.; shell-sand stopped by the finer sieves, 
35 per cent. 
The washed shell-sand was estimated to consist of the following 
average percentages: 
Smaliishellsentimerand yoroliem| ss = sate a eee 65 
Corals) Millepora ete) sone -a eta ae oe eee 3 
@orallimés\ 25) 8 teen ee Re ee a ase ere agen ee epee eine 8 
BEV OZOA= 2 oe eee rs Sete eee rere hae meter ne 1 
Hichinodermis ee eee Sk ee ee oe ES RO Se fe ee 0.5 
Horamimtera ee eens eee eee Bit Sie 7a) RR ets RT 5 
Other organisms =o 3S. See ee aon ce eee eee e = acne eee 0.5 
linimestone detribusee==se ee eece ese ee ee eee ae ee ee 8 
100 
In somé samples the shells formed at least 90 per cent. Of course 
such estimates can be only approximate, for no two lots would be 
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