A. E. Verrill— The Bermuda Islands; Geology. 197 
In a few instances remains of the actual shell of the Hermit-crab 
have been found in the fossil Livona. Mr. J. Matthew Jones sent 
me a fossil crab of this kind from Bermuda, many years ago, which 
had the characteristic legs and claws in fairly good preservation. 
The exact locality where it was found was not recorded. 
Figure 60.—Land Hermit Crab (Cenobita diogenes) in a fossil shell of Livona 
pica, + natural size. Drawn from life by A. H. Verrill. 
The correct explanation of the presence of this shell in these 
elevated beds was first given by Lieut. Nelson, in 1840: 
“The Turbo pica [| = Livona pica) is very abundant, with the 
nacre and colors; but like the Venus [| Lucina] Pennsylvanica, it is 
chiefly met with in sand-pits, and more recent formations, though 
without the slightest reference to the hardness of the stone contain- 
ing it. It seemed difficult at first to account for these large shells 
(Turbo pica) being found on heights, where, from their weight, it 
was impossible to suppose they had been carried there by the wind; 
but a solution may be found in the habits of the Soldier Crab, which, 
on more than one occasion, I have seen running about in these 
shells.” 
The Livona appears to have become extinct at Bermuda in recent 
times, for its broien shells were found in the heaps of kitchen refuse 
at the ancient forts on Castle Island, as if used for food by the garri- 
son there, probably during the war of 1812.* 
Various other common marine shells, especially single valves of 
Tellina, Mytilus, Lucina, Chama, ete., are occasionally found in 
these deposits, especially in those that are but a few feet above the 
* See these Trans., pp. 463, 708; Verrill, ‘‘The Bermuda Islands,” pp. 51, 296, 
for details. 
