A, FE. Verrill—The Bermuda Islands; Coral Reefs. 295 
Parazoanthus parasiticus (D. and M.). Verrill. Figure 141. 
Zoanthus parasiticus Dach. and Mich., Corall. Antill., p. 50, pl. viii, figs. 3, 
4, 1860. 
Parazoanthus parasiticus Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., x, p. 560, 1900. 
Duerden, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., xix, p. 500, pl. xlv, 1903. 
Parazoanthus separatus Duerden, Jamaican Actinaria, pt. ii, Trans. Royal 
Dublin Soc., vii, p. 197, pl. x, figs. 12, 13, pl. xiii, fig. 8, pl. xiv, fig. 4, 1900, 
anatomy. 
This minute species is frequently found parasitic on the tubular 
sponge (Zuba or Spinosella sororia). The disks show at the sur- 
face of the sponge, when dried, as small, circular, about 12-rayed, 
stellate, and mostly separated spots, 1.5 to 2™™ in diameter, more or 
less scattered over the surface. It also occurs on a species of Hir- 
cina, and probably on various other species. 
In life it rises above the sponge in expansion about 4™"; diameter 
of disk about 3™™ ; its column is then quite translucent. It has 
about 24 to 26 small alternating tentacles, which, like the disk, are 
pale brownish in life; column in contraction whitish, from enclosed 
white sand, etc. Dr. Duerden (1900) has published a very full 
account of the anatomy and histology of this species.* It appears 
to be the species very poorly described by Duch. and Mich., 1860. 
Undetermined species of Zoanthacea. 
No doubt several other species of this and allied genera will be 
found at Bermuda. My notes indicate some of which I did not 
obtain sufficient material. 
One of these is a form found entirely free, and somewhat resem- 
bling an Edwardsia externally. It was 16™™ long in contraction ; 
diameter 3™™, The wall was thin, but tough, brownish, with 20 to 
24 slight sulcations, the ridges having minute papille distally. Ten- 
tacles minute, about 24 counted, but they were difficult to observe, 
* Dr. Duerden in his later paper (1903) also describes the anatomy of Bergia 
catenularis Duch. and Mich., which has the same parasitic habits and mode of 
growth. He places it in Parazoanthus, but if it be congeneric it will be neces- 
sary to adopt Bergia as the generic name for the whole group, on the ground 
of priority, for although the original diagnosis was nearly worthless, the type 
species is easily recognizable. However, Dr. Duerden points out important struc- 
tural differences, quite sufficient, in my opinion, to require generic separation. 
He states that the type species of Bergia lacks a distinct sphincter muscle and 
also lacks the ciliated band of the mesenterial filaments, both of which are 
present in genuine species of Parazoanthus. These certainly seem sufficient 
for generic characters. 
