A. E. Verrill—The Bermuda Islands; Coral Reefs. 297 
They are, however, much more abundant and luxuriant on the 
outer reefs, and especially at a few fathoms below the surface, all 
around the islands. The most common are Grorgonia flabellum, the 
“sea-fan”; Plexaura flexuosa; and Pseudoplexaura crassa, known 
as “sea-rods.” These all grow to great size on the outer reefs, at 
moderate depths, becoming in some cases 4 to 6 feet high. 
Gorgonia flabellum Linn. Sea Fan. Figure 142. Plate xxxiiic, fig. 1 (2, 3). 
ID sxxegrat, inte alae) 
and nearly all other writers up to 1857. 
Rhipidogorgia flabellum Edw. and Haime, Coral., iii, p. 173, pl. B2, fig. 4, 
1857, and many later writers. Pourtales, in L. Agassiz, Florida Reefs, pl. 
xxi, figs. 1-7. Nutting, Bull. Univ. Iowa, i, p. 151, pl. x, 1889. 
Gorgonia flabellum Kolliker, Icones Histiol., ii, 1865, and most later writers. 
Verrill, Critical Remarks on Halcyonoid Polyps, No. 4, Amer. Jour. Sci., 
xlviii, p. 424, 1869, there made the type of the most restricted genus Gor- 
gonia; these Trans., x, p. 568. Hargitt and Rogers, Bull. U. 8. Fish Com., 
1902, p. 287, pl. iii, fig. 3. 
This species always grows in fan-like forms with the branchlets 
closely reticulated, except close to the tips. The fans vary much in 
_ shape, some being round, others broad, and some tall and narrow, 
the shape depending much upon the place of growth and amount of 
space. Sometimes two or more fans arise from the same base, and 
Nutting, C. C.—Contributions to the Anatomy of Gorgonide. Bull. Labr. 
Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, pp. 97-160, 1889. 
Rogers, Chas. G.—See Hargitt, C. W. 
Verrill, Addison E.—Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., i, pp. 29-60, 1864. 
Records a number of gorgonians and corals from Bermuda. 
Critical Remarks on Haleyonoid Polyps, Nos. 1-4. Amer. Journ. Science, 
No. 1, vol. xlv, p. 411; No. 3, vol. xlvii, p. 281, 1869; No. 4, vol. xlviii, p. 
419, 1869. 
Includes revisions of many genera and species, some of which are West Indian 
and Bermudian. 
Additions to the Anthozoa and Hydrozoa of Bermuda. These Trans., 
vol, x, pp. 951-572, 3 plates, 1900. 
Additions to the Fauna of the Bermudas from the Yale Expedition of 
1901. Trans. Conn. Acad., xi, pp. 15-62, plates i-ix ; 6 cuts in text, 1901. 
Zoblogy of the Bermudas, vol. i, 427 pp., 45 pl., 1903. Includes the two 
preceding papers as articles 5 and 10. 
Wright, E. P. and Studer, Th.—Report on Aleyonaria. Voyage Challenger, Zodél., 
vol. xxxi, part 64, 1889. | 
Includes a few reef forms from Bermuda and some from deep water adjacent. 
