A. E. Verrill—The Bermuda Islands; Coral Reefs. 319 
various parts of the world. Prof. Wm. N. Rice observed the 
zooids of Millepora at Bermuda in 1876-7 and published sketches 
of the defensive zoéids in various states of expansion, showing con- 
siderable variety of forms.* 
The zodids, so far as now known, are very similar to, if not prac- 
tically identical with those of the East Indian species, which have 
been most carefully studied by Moseley and others. 
The Bermuda varieties agree exactly in form and structure with 
those of Florida and the West Indies, and essentially the same form 
oceurs on the coast of Brazil, at the Abrolhos Reefs, but is there 
associated with a species (M. nitida V.) not known in the West 
Indies. 
The nettling cells (cnide) of Jillepora are unusually powerful, 
and are capable of stinging the hands of some persons with delicate 
skin. When a freshly taken specimen is touched with the tongue or 
lips the stinging power is sufficiently obvious to warrant its vernacu- 
lar name of “Sea Ginger.” Very few other hydroids were met 
with by my parties, on the reefs, though probably a considerable 
number occur there later in the season. 
Sertularella Gayi. Figure 170. 
This is the only Sertularian hydroid that we found common. It 
grows on loose stones and dead corals, but all of our specimens were 
small and immature. 
30. Echinoderms; Sponges; Mollusks; Annelids; Crustaceans, ete. 
ECHINODERMATA: ECHINODERMS.t 
This group is fairly well represented on the coral reefs, though 
most of the species conceal themselves so well in cavities and crev- 
ices that they must be carefully sought for. Only one species of 
starfish (Asterias (or Stolasterias) tenuispina) is common. ‘The sea 
urchins are, however, represented by several large species, and the 
serpent-stars or ophiurans by a still larger number. Of crinoids 
only one specimen was found, and that was quite young (Antedon). 
* Amer. Journ. Science, vol. xvi, pp. 180-182, figs. 1-20, 1878. 
+ BrstiogRapHy.—The echinoderms of the reefs are nearly all well known West 
Indian species, described in the general treatises on this group. The following 
are the most essential works : 
Agassiz, A.—Revision of the Echini. Parts i-iv. Illustrated Catalogue of 
Museum Comparative Zodlogy, No. II. 4to. 49 plates, 1872. Contains 
figures and descriptions of all the Bermuda species. 
