330 A. E. Verriill—The Bermuda Islands; Coral Reefs. 
PORIFERA: SPONGES.* 
Numerous species of sponges, some of them of large size and con- 
Spicuous on account of their colors, grow on and about the reefs in 
shallow water, as well as in the sounds. ' The larger of these mostly 
* The following are the principal modern descriptive works relating to the 
reef sponges found in Bermuda, the West Indies, and Florida : 
Carter, H. J.—Some Sponges from the West Indies and Acapulco. Ann. and 
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. ix, 1882, pp. 266-301, 346-368, pl. xi, xii. 
Describes many silicious sponges. 
Duchassaing and Michelotti.—Spongiaires de la Mer Caraibe. Natuurk. Verh. 
Holl. Maats. Wetensch. Haarlem, vol. xxi, 1864. 25 plates (many errors 
in references to plates). 
Dendy, A.—Observations on West Indian Chalinine Sponges, ete. Trans. Zool. 
Soc. London, xii, part 10, pp. 349-368, pls. 58-63, 1890. 
Describes and figures several species. 
Higgin, Thomas.—Descriptions of some sponges obtained during a cruise of the 
steam yacht Argo, in the Caribbean and neighboring seas. Annals and Mag. 
Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xix, p. 291, pl. xiv, 1877. 
Hyatt, Alpheus.—Revision of the North American Poriferee, with remarks upon 
foreign Species, Part I. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.; vol. ii, 10 pp., 1 pl., 
1875 ; Part II, op. cit., vol. ii, part 4, pp. 441-554, pl. xv—xvii, 1876. 
Lendenfeld, R. von.—Monograph of the Horny Sponges. 955 pp. 4to, 50 
plates. Royal Society, London, 1889. 
Contains full descriptions of all known species, with anatomy, distribution, 
etc. Also a complete bibliography of sponge literature, and a general system of 
classification of sponges. 
Maynard, C. J.—No. 2. Sponges. West Newton, Mass., 1383 pp., 42 cuts, 4 
plates, 1898, publ. by the author. 
A popular work ; contains descriptions and figures of numerous Florida and 
Bahama sponges. 
Poléjaeff, N.—Report on the Calcarea. Voy. Challenger, Zool., vol. viii, 1888. 
Nine Bermuda species are described, mostly from 32 fathoms, off Bermuda. 
Report on the Keratosa, op. cit., vol. xi, 1884. 
One species (Verongia hirsuta) is recorded and figured from Bermuda. 
Ridley, S. O. and Dendy, A.—Report on the Monaxonida. Rep. Voy. Challenger, 
Zobl., vol. xx, part 59. 
Contains only a very few Bermuda species. 
Solas, Wm. J.—Report on the Tetractinellida. Rep. Voy. Challenger, Zodl., vol. 
xxv, part 63. 
Three species are described from off Bermuda, in deep water. 
Schmidt, O.—Die Spongien Fauna des Atlantischen Gebietes, 1870. 
