Coe and Kunkel— California Limbiess Lizard. 383 
body. Their function is doubtless in large measure connected with 
the reproductive processes. At the time of copulation the secretion 
of a great amount of serous and mucous fluids at the base of the 
phalli and into the cloaca in the male doubtless facilitates the trans- 
ference of the spermatozoa to the cloaca of the female. A further 
discharge of fluids on the part of the female might conceivably aid 
the spermatozoa in reaching the anterior cloacal chamber, from 
whence they enter the right oviduct to fertilize the two eggs which 
may be discharged therein. 
Copulatory Organs. 
One of the most striking features of all embryos at a well advanced 
stage of development is the presence of a pair of conspicuous projec- 
tions from the lateral borders of the cloacal aperture. When well 
developed they have an appearance strikingly suggestive of a pair 
of rudimentary hind limbs. These projections, however, are the 
copulatory organs, or phalli, as they are termed by Gegenbaur, 
which in these and certain other lizards develop primarily as exter- 
nal appendages, and which about the time of birth are withdrawn 
into the cloaca. Until near the time of birth there appears to be no 
marked distinctions between the phalli of the two sexes. After birth 
those of the male increase in size to become the highly specialized 
copulatory organs of the adult, while those of the female remain in 
a rudimentary condition, although they are retained throughout life. 
When withdrawn into the cloaca the phallus is tubular, with a 
narrow lumen, and extends from the posterior-lateral borders of the 
posterior cloacal chamber backward parallel with the vertebral 
column, as in other lizards. The minute ‘structure and development 
of the phalli have been described by Unterhdéssel (: 02) for several 
snakes and lizards, including Anguis fragilis, which latter presents 
conditions very similar to those found in Anniella. 
In well-advanced embryos of Anniella the two phalli project from 
the cloacal aperture for a distance more than one third as great as 
the diameter of the body in the same region (pl. xLtv, figs. 30-32). 
They appear as a pair of stout plugs extending from the lateral bor- 
ders of the cloacal aperture, from which they are directed ventrally 
and laterally, and then bend anteriorly (pl. xirv, figs. 27, 28). 
Each phallus bears a spiral groove along its posterior and outer 
borders (pl. xurv, fig. 27, g), which extends to the somewhat swollen 
distal end of the organ, where it ends between two glandular pits. 
This groove is very narrow and deep, and passes directly from the 
