O JIB WAY HABITATIONS — BUSHNELL. 615 



smoked from many fires and the floors often damp. In the better 

 structures of this type a second row of mats was placed on the inside 

 of the frame, and when held firmly in place added greatly to the 

 warmth and comfort of the interior. Similar mats were open on 

 the ground and the simple utensils hung from the frame. Little 

 else was to be seen within. 



The Mide' lodge, often a hundred feet or more in length, was in 

 reality an elongated example of the icagiuo' gan. The frame was 

 similarly constructed but often the covering was of a more tem- 

 porary nature, boughs being occasionally used. The frame, however, 

 would be allowed to stand from year to year, to be covered when 

 necessary. 



No season of the year was anticipated with more genuine pleasure 

 b}'^ the O jib way than early spring, when the maple sap began to run. 

 Then they would leave their winter encampments and move to their 

 sugar camps where, during the following weeks, vast quantities of 

 sugar would be made, much of it being preserved for future use. 

 The sap was evaporated, seldom boiled, in large kettles suspended over 

 fires within houses especially prepared and retained for this pur- 

 pose. Such a building is shown in plate 4, figure 1. It stood on the 

 south shore of Mille Lac, on Mozomana Point, and had been used just 

 before the photograph was made in May, 1900. This was known to 

 the Ojibway as ^' cMganii' sige' wigmnf ig^ or " house where the 

 water is evaporated from the sap." The framework was heavy, the 

 covering was of ebn bark. One large opening was arranged in the 

 top as an outlet for the smoke. In the rear and to the left of this 

 may be seen the frame of a dome-shaped wigwam, the covering hav- 

 ing been removed. This had probably been occupied during the 

 period of sugar making. 



In plate 4, figure 2, a similar elm bark covered lodge is shown. This 

 stood in the village of Sagawa' mick, the principal settlement on the 

 shore of Mille Lac, and was used as a habitation, being known to the 

 Ojibway as a gaha' gaogan\ Immediately in front of the entrance 

 was an oval-topped arbor, covered with elm bark. The moccasin game 

 was being played by the group in the foreground. Several similar 

 buildings stood in the village, but no other arbor was seen. In some 

 respects this structure resembles and suggests the houses of the Iro- 

 quois, and this is likewise true of the Mide' lodge which recalls their 

 long-house. Both forms appear to have been unknown to the south- 

 ern Algonquian tribes. 



A view of the eastern part of the village of Sagawa' mick is given 

 in plate 5. Frames of several wigwams are visible ; others with their 

 mat and bark coverings are in the distance. This was the site of one 

 of the large villages of the Mdewakanton Sioux who formerly 



