MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. 
g. Hind toe well developed and inserted on the level of the anterior 
toes; claws not ssively lengthened; loral or orbital region 
or, both. maked x5 s50 ao arene re eee eae Ardeiformes (p. 157) 
g?. Hind toe if present, small and inserted above the level of the 
rest; or else size of bird small (less than 1 meter), loral and 
orbital regions fully feathered and middle claw not pectinate. 
ht. If more than 1-meter long the hind toe short and elevated; if 
less than 1 meter long the hind toe not elevated. 
u'. Size very large; hind toe small and elevated. 
Gruiformes (p. 155) 
i. Size medium to small; hind toe not elevated. 
Ralliformes (p. 65) 
h?, Less than 1 meter long, usually much less; the hind toe if 
present, short and elevated, or if long the claws excessively 
long and wings spurred................... Charadriiformes (p. 98) 
f?. Lower portion of thighs feathered; or else middle and outer toes 
united for at least half their length, the bill if lengthened not 
grooved along the side. 
g'. Bill strongly hooked and with a distinct cere at base of upper 
mandible. 
h'. Toes three in front; or else outer toe reversible; claws sharp 
and powerful. 
i. No facial disk of modified feathers; plumage normal, com- 
pact; nostrils generally not concealed by bristles. 
Accipitriformes (p. 210) 
i. Eyes surrounded by a disk of modified feathers; plumage 
soft and fluffy; nostrils usually concealed by stiff bristles. 
Strigiformes (p. 249) 
h?. Toes two-in front and two behind, the outer toe permanently 
reversed; claws small and dull......... Psittaciformes (p. 272) 
g*. Bill not strongly hooked and without a cere at base of upper 
mandible. 
ee. Ehind) toe small "and! elevated sass senses Galliformes (p. 9) 
h*. Hind toe or toes well developed and on the same level as the 
anterior toes. 
i. Upper mandible with a soft swollen base. 
Columbiformes (p. 23) 
i. Bill without a soft swollen base. 
j'. Toes two in front, two behind; rarely two in front and one 
behind, then the bill straight and the rectrices stiff and 
pointed. 
kt. Two toes in front united for their basal joint. 
l. Inner toe reversed, tail graduated.... Trogones (p. 362) 
l?. Outer toe reversed, tail nearly square. 
Scansores (p. 389) 
k*. Two toes in front perfectly free. 
U. Bill straight, its tip chisel-shaped; rectrices stiff, with 
still, pointed ps. 2.. eects. Piciformes (p. 392) 
LF. Bill more or less curved; rectrices long and soft, with- 
out stiff, pointed tips... Coccyges (p. 363) 
