yl MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. 
about 8,000 specimens of birds , a for the Bureau of Science, a few 
skins received in exchange fromthe Menage Collection, nearly 200 skins 
received from the United States National Museum, part in exchange and 
part as a loan, and a few small lots of skins from various sources. There 
are, however, some 150 species inhabiting the Philippines of which not 
a single specimen has been examined. Of some other species the available 
material is quite inadequate for complete descriptions ; this is particularly 
true of the shore and water birds, most of which visit the Philippine 
Islands as migrants and can not be obtained here in breeding plumage. 
To meet these deficiencies a large number of descriptions have been 
taken from previous works, notably the Catalogue of Birds in the British 
Museum, Oates’s Birds of British Burmah, and the four volumes on birds 
in the Fauna of British India, while a few have been taken from 
periodicals. All copied descriptions and parts of descriptions are inclosed 
in quotation marks followed by the authors’ names; the exact reference 
in each case will be found in the synonymy of the species described. 
The quotations ending with “Bourns and Worcester MS.” are taken 
from a manuscript prepared by Messrs. Frank 8. Bourns and Dean C. 
Worcester and based upon the ornithological specimens collected by the 
Menage Expedition. This manuscript was intended for publication by 
the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, but as that institution was 
unable to meet the necessary expense, the right to use the manuscript 
reverted to the authors who have permitted the publication of their notes 
in this Manual. 
The scientific name, an English name, and such native names as seem 
to be commonly used with some degree of accuracy are given for each 
species. 
The synonymy consists of references to original descriptions and to all 
works from which quotations are made; also to the following works when 
the species is given in them: Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, 
Sharpe’s Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds, Oates and Reid’s 
Catalogue of Birds’ Eggs in the British Museum, and McGregor and 
Worcester’s Hand-List of Philippine Birds; other references are to plates 
or figures, records of rare species, important descriptions, notes on habits, 
or critical remarks.* 
The distribution of each species is given by islands, arranged alphabet- 
ically, with the names of collectors so far as these have been worked out 
from the available literature. Distribution outside of the Philippine 
Islands is given in a general way only. 
To the descriptions and measurements of the birds are added notes 
* Very full references to literature may be found in Catalogue of the Birds 
in the British Museum and in Catalogue of the Collection of Birds’ Eggs *n *) 
British Museum (Natural History). 
