88 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. 
upper and greater part of the inner webs; upper tail-coverts gray; tail- 
feathers gray, with white outer wé@® to the outside pair; chin white or 
very pale gray; throat gray, darkening on the lower part; breast dark 
slate-gray, which deepens into black on abdomen and flanks; vent and 
under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts white; axillars white with a 
faint tinge of gray. Bull blood-red; feet vermilion, drying to orange- 
color; webs deeply indented, but less so than in H. leucoptera. Length, 
280; culmen, 35; wing, 235 to 241; tail, 96; tarsus, 23; middle toe with 
claw, 29. 
“Indian birds, which are probably almost sedentary, are slightly smaller 
in size. Some of the birds resident in South Africa are of a distinctly 
darker hue both above and below than northern examples; Australian 
specimens, on the other hand, are inclined to be paler. _ 
“Adult female.—Similar to the male, or a trifle paler in general tint. 
“Adult in winter plumage.—Upper parts of a paler gray than in the 
breeding season; forehead white; crown and nape streaked and mottled 
with black; under parts entirely white; bill and feet reddish brown. 
“Young in first plumage.—Crown and nape blackish brown, mantle 
mottled with brown and with warm cinnamon-brown edges to inner 
secondaries; tail slightly mottled and edged with ash-brown; the rest like 
the adult in winter. By December the brown markings are considerably 
diminished. 
“Nestling.—Down at the base of bill black, forehead ruddy fawn-color ; 
upper parts paler fawn, mottled and streaked with black; underparts 
white, except the throat, which is sooty black for a few days.” 
(Saunders. ) 
“Common about the Pasig River and Laguna de Bay. Several flocks 
were observed in Mindanao feeding over the paddy-fields.” (Bourns and 
Worcester MS.) 
Genus STERNA Linneus, 1758. 
Bill much as in Hydrochelidon but somewhat longer; toes completely 
webbed ; tail always distinctly forked ; outer rectrices usually much longer 
than the others. 
Species, 
aw. Crown black. 
bt. Larger; wing, 240 mm. or more. 
c'. Forehead black to base of culmen. 
d'. Larger; tarsus yellow or red; bill red in summer.......... hirundo (p. 89) 
d*, Smaller; tarsus blackish, bill black at all seasons... longipennis (p. 89) 
c?. Forehead white. 
@& Moores wihitel, ccc. 22. fe ecco ee  ecee boreotis (p. 90) 
d*, Lores black. 
é. Wing, 265 mm.; mantle umber-brown..............--.------ anestheta (p. 91) 
é. Wing, 300 mm.; mantle deep black...--.-...220.0....--22----- fuscata (p. 92) 
62 Smaller: «wing less, than (200 mime) oe eae contase scans sinensis (p. 92) 
CARN Crown pwWiltey ctr co eS ee ee melanauchen (p. 93) 
a | 
