96 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. 
that the black becomes a subterminal bar; seventh similar, but with less 
and fainter black; upper primari™ gray; secondaries paler gray, without 
conspicuous margins. Bill, tarsi, and toes lake-red; iris hazel. Length, 
394 to 406; culmen, 46; wing, 298 to 305; tail, 127; tarsus, 43; middle 
toe with claw, 39. 
“The female is undoubtedly smaller as a rule, though there are excep- 
tions. 
“Adult in winter.—Similar, but without a hood ; merely a little grayish 
on the occiput, and blackish on the auriculars. In vigorous birds the 
indications of a hood reappear in autumn, soon after the completion 
of the molt, which is in August; but cold weather, combined with a 
scarcity of nutritive food, arrests the development, and it is not usual 
to see birds with fully complete hoods till February, though there are 
many exceptions. A female (by dissection) obtained in the shore-nets 
at Wells, Norfolk, on November 10, has the under parts, and even the 
shafts and webs of the primaries, suffused with a beautiful salmon-pink, 
but this also must be considered unusual. ; 
“Nestling.—Buttish to brown, darkest on the upper parts, spotted and 
streaked with umber and black on the back, head, and throat. 
“Young.—Forehead white, rest of head chiefly grayish brown; upper 
surface warmer brown, with gray lower wing-coverts; secondaries with 
blackish centers and white borders; the three outer primaries black on 
outer webs and at the tips and margins of inner webs, but the centers 
white, except the outermost, in which there is for a time a dark line 
inside the shaft; in the succeeding primaries the dark color increases 
ascendingly on the inner webs, while from the fifth the outer webs are 
pale gray to brownish, with a little white at tips; tail-feathers white, 
with a band of blackish brown; under surface dull white. Bill dull 
yellow, passing into black at the angles; tarsi and toes dull reddish yellow. 
The brown color is soon lost on the back, which has become gray by 
December. ‘i 
“Tmmature.—Like the adult, with a few brown markings left on the 
upper wing-coverts, and more black on the outer webs of the primaries. 
More or less of a brown hood is assumed when the bird is barely a year 
old, and the band on the tail is lost by the following autumn, when the 
new primaries appear, with, as has been said, a larger proportion of 
black than in the adult; in fact the duration of the immature phase is 
very short. The bird does not breed until the following, or second 
spring. 
“Occasionally the black from the margins of the inner webs of the 
three outer quills runs in and reaches the shafts, much encroaching upon 
the usual white centers, though not to the same extent on both wings of 
the same bird. This is noticeable in two examples obtained at Dinapur 
in December.”  (Saunders.) 
Pe 
