100 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. 
head) ; Masbate (Bourns & Worcester) ; Mindanao (Steere Exp.) ; Negros (Steere 
Bep.); Palawan (Whitehead, Platengg@verett ) ; Siquijor (Bourns € Worcester). 
Cosmopolitan, breeding in high northern latitudes. 
“Adult male in breeding plumage.—Above black, mixed with chestnut 
or partly chestnut feathers on center of mantle; scapulars for the most 
part chestnut, but outer ones black at the ends or irregularly marked with 
black; accessory scapular plumes white; back and rump pure white, 
upper tail-coverts black, longer ones pure white; lesser wing-coverts 
blackish; innermost rather broadly edged with white, as also those near 
edge of wing; median coverts for the most part chestnut, slightly mottled 
with black; greater coverts blackish, narrowly margined and broadly 
tipped with white; alula and primary-coverts black, innermost of the 
latter with white tips; quills black with white shafts, and white bases 
to the inner primaries; secondaries for the most part white, blackish 
toward the ends of the feathers, these black markings decreasing grad- 
ually toward the inner secondaries, some of which are pure white, the 
innermost secondaries black, mottled with chestnut, like the scapulars; 
tail-feathers black with white bases, all but the center tail-feathers tipped 
with white, the black diminishing in size and forming a band toward 
the outer feathers, which are almost white; crown and hind neck white, 
the former streaked, the latter mottled with black; base of forehead and 
a narrow frontal line black, followed by a band of white, which unites 
with a broad eyebrow and is extended over ear-coverts; lores and fore 
part of cheeks white; feathers round eye and eyelid white, separated 
from the white loral patch by a narrow line of black, which unites the 
frontal band to a square, black patch beneath the eye, the latter joined 
to a malar line of black, which is connected with the sides of the neck 
and with the fore neck and sides of breast, all these parts being black, 
but nearly divided by a semi-lunar band of white, which reaches from 
the sides of the neck almost to the breast; throat and under surface of 
body from the center of chest downward, white; under wing-coverts 
and axillars pure white; quills below ashy whitish along the inner web. 
‘Bill black; feet deep orange-red, claws black; iris hazel.’ (Audubon.) 
Length, 200; culmen, 23; wing, 157; tail, 58; tarsus, 24; middle toe with 
claw, 28. 
“Adult female in breeding plumage.—Much duller than the male, and 
having the same pattern of black and white about the face, but never 
developing the same amount of chestnut about the back, the head and 
hind neck being brown, mottled with blackish centers to the feathers. 
Length, 216; culmen, 23; wing, 160; tail, 62; tarsus, 24; middle toe 
with claw, 25. 
“Young.—Above dusky brown, all the feathers edged with sandy buff 
or rufous; wings and tail as in the adult; crown dark brown, streaked 
with sandy buff, the margins of the feathers being of this color; tail- 
feathers white, with a broad, subterminal band of black, decreasing in 
